central dogma

• How did we know that genes are composed of DNA

  Hershey-Chase experiment
• a principle in molecular biology that describes the relationship between the four nitrogenous bases that make up DNA

  Chargaff's rule
• how many percent is adenine and thymine in dna

  31%
• Guanine and Cytosine, how many percent

  19%
• what does ATCG stands for

  Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
• Showed DNA is a double helix. It shows some portion of the helix is repeated many times

  Franklins X-Ray Diffraction Data
• Model of DNA out of wire

  The deoxyribose sugar-phosphate backbone make up the sides of the ladder.

  The nitrogenous bases make up the rungs of the ladder.

  The Watson and Crick Model
• the process of making an identical copy of the parent cell’s DNA.

  DNA replication
• proper order of chargaff's rule

  ATCG
• Thymine is replaced to what in RNA

  Uracil
• 1st: It opens up the DNA at the replication fork.

  Helicase
• 2nd: it coat the DNA around the replication fork to prevent rewinding of the DNA.

  Single-strand binding proteins
• 3rd: works at the region ahead of the replication fork to prevent supercoiling.

  Topoisomerase
• 4th: synthesizes RNA primers complementary to the DNA strand.

  Primase
• 5th: It extends the primers, adding on to the 3' end, to make the bulk of the new DNA.

  DNA polymerase III
• 6th: They are removed and replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase I.

  RNA Primers
• 7th: The gaps of DNA fragments are then sealed by

  DNA ligase
• It has Single strand and Sugar: ribose

  Ribonucleic acid(RNA)
• Produced in the nucleus; where DNA genes are transcribed

  Messenger RNA (mRNA)