GENETICS INTRO

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  • Genetics is a branch of biology that deals with the principles of heredity and variations in all living things
  • The term Genetics was derived by William Bateson
  • Greek word gen means to become or to grow into something
  • Gregor Mendel is an Austrian monk who started the works of the science of genetics
  • Theory of Pangenesis is proposed by Hippocrates
  • According to Hippocrates: All organs of the body of a parent gave off invisible seeds, which were like miniaturized building components and were transmitted during sexual intercourse, reassembling themselves in the mother’s womb to form a baby.
  • Charles Darwin (1868) proposed his pangenesis theory to describe the units of inheritance between parents and offspring and the processes by which those units control development in offspring.
  • Aristotle emphasized the importance of blood in heredity
  • Blood supplied generative material for building all parts of the adult body and was the basis for passing on this generative power to the next generation.
  • The male's semen is a purified blood and woman's menstrual blood is an equivalent of semen
  • Theory of Preformationism is when the organism is contained in one of the sex cells as a fully developed homunculus (miniature human)
  • Theory of Inheritance and Acquired Characteristics is based on Pangenesis theory proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
  • Theory of Lamarck is a model for evolution wherein he enunciated the law of use and disuse: when some organs become specially developed as a result of some environmental need, then that state of development is hereditary and can be passed on to progeny.
  • August Weismann first challenged the theory of Pangenesis through Germplasm Theory
  • Germplasm is sex cells while somatoplasm is cells of all other parts of the body
  • Mice tail experiment is about cutting off tails of mice generation after generation produced offsprings with normal tail length
  • Blending theory of inheritance was before Mendel’s time where heredity was thought to be a blending process that offsprings were essentially mixtures of characteristics obtained from both parents.
  • Kolreuter observed that although hybrids between species might have shown uniform appearance, their fertile offspring would usually produce considerably diversity
  • Karl Gartner is about plant reproduction
  • Charles Naudin is a botanist who studied hybridization and heredity
  • Charles Darwin proposed theory of evolution
  • Mendel's boyhood experience in grafting trees taught him the importance of attention to detail
  • Mendel's university experience in physics and natural history taught him to view world as an orderly place and these laws can be stated mathematically
  • Hybridization is the mating or crossing between two individuals that have different characteristics
  • Hybrids are the offspring that result from such a mating
  • 1866, Gregor discovered that hereditary characteristics were determined by elementary factors now called Genes.
  • Gene is inherited and has information regarding structure, function and other biological function and properties
  • Garden pea is also know as the Pisum Sativum
  • Two experiments carried by Mendel: Self fertilization and cross fertilization
  • Self fertilization pollen and egg are derived from the same plant
  • cross fertilization pollen and egg are derived from different plant
  • Characters or traits is the morphological characteristics of an organism.
  • True breeder is a variety that produces the same trait over and over again.
  • He used an empirical approach and tried to deduce empirical laws.
  • Monohybrid cross is termed from Mendel crossing two variants that differ in only one trait.
  • F1 generation showed only one of the two parental traits
  • F2 generation showed an 3:1 ratio of the two parental traits
  • Mendel's law of segregation is when during gamete formation, the paired factors segregate randomly so that half of gametes received one factor and half of the gametes received the othr
  • Alleles are different versions of the same gene
  • Dihybrid cross is crossing of an individual plants that differ in two traits