THE CELL

• Nucleus, Cytoplasm and Cell membrane are the 3 common structures to all cells
• Cell membrane is a boundary of the cell which acts as the protected layer
• Parts of the nucleus include: nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromosomes or chromatin
• Nucleolus is responsible for the production of ribosomes
• Nuclear envelope provides the structural framework of the nucleus
• Nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes
• Cytoplasm is a fluid-like structure that contains the cell's organelles and is where most chemical reactions take place
• Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, producing energy through respiration.
• Thylakoid in chloroplast is responsible for collecting energy
• Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell
• Free ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm and are not associated with a membrane
• Fixed ribosomes are found in endoplasmic reticulum
• Endoplasmic reticulum is complex network that transports materials throughout the inside of a cell
• Golgi bodies are organelle that modifies, collects, packages, &

  distributes molecules made at one location of the cell & used at another
• Lysosomes are organelle that contains chemicals and enzymes necessary for digesting certain materials in the cell
• Vacuoles are storage tanks, an organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates
• Cytoskeleton is framework of the cell composed of a variety of filaments & fibers that support cell structure and drive cell movement
• Centrioles produces stiff fibers during the process of cell division
• Chromosomes are long threads of DNA that forms a complex with protein
• Chromosomes are coiled structures made of DNA and proteins
• When chromosomes are not dividing, they exist a a grainy materials called chromatin
• Our genetic information is stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes that vary widely in size and shape.
• A nucleosome is the basic repeating subunit of chromatin packaged inside the cell's nucleus
• Each nucleosome is composed of a little less than two turns of DNA wrapped around a set of eight proteins called histones
• Telomeres are the end of the chromosomes and are the capping regions.
• Centromeres are the points at which two sister chromatids attach.
• Heterochromatin is a cytologically dense material that is typically

  found at centromeres and telomeres where DNA thought to be tightly packed here
• Euchromatin is less condensed, gene-rich, and more easily transcribed
• After replication, DNA condenses and coils into the familiar X-shaped form of a chromosome
• Each chromosome consist of two identical copies which are called the sister chromatids
• During replication, the DNA strands are separated and the new strands are made
• Diploid contains two sets of chromosomes found in all non-sex cells or autosomes of an organism's body
• Haploid contains one set of chromosomes, only sex cells have the haploid number
• homologous chromosomes contains the same type of genetic information
• Karyotype is the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.
• Autosomes: Body chromosomes or non sex chromosomes where humans have 44 or 22 pairs
• Chromosomes in eukaryotes are located in the nucleus
• Genes are located between the centromeric and telomeric regions along the entire chromosome
• Theory of Inheritance states that genes are found at specific locations

  on chromosomes, and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis can explain Mendel's laws of inheritance.
• Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri are responsible for the concept of chromosome theory of inheritance