Summarize 5&6

• Telecommunications Trends:

  • Organizations are becoming internet worked enterprises using the Internet, intranets, and other telecommunications networks to support business operations and collaboration
  • Telecommunications technology is moving towards open, internet worked digital networks for voice, data, video, and multimedia
• Business Application of Telecommunications:

  • Telecommunications is the sending of information in any form from one place to another using electronic or light emitting media
  • Data communication is the transmitting and receiving of data over communication links between computer systems and input/output terminals
  • Enterprise collaboration applications use telecommunications networks to support communication, coordination, and collaboration among business teams and workgroups
• Major Trends in Telecommunications:

  1. Industry Trend:

  • Towards a greater number of competitive vendors, carriers, alliances, and network services accelerated by deregulation and the growth of the Internet

  2. Technology Trends:

  • Towards the use of open and interconnected local and global digital networks for voice, data, images, and video with high-speed fiber optic lines and satellite channels

  3. Application Trend:
• • Towards the pervasive use of the Internet, enterprise intranets, and inter-organizational extranets to support electronic commerce, enterprise collaboration, online business organization, and strategic advantage in local and global markets
• Open Systems:

  • Information systems that use common standards for hardware, software, applications, and networking
  • Provide greater connectivity and network interoperability
• 1. Commerce:

  • The buying, selling, marketing, and servicing of products over the internet and other networks
  • E-commerce has existed between businesses for years but was limited in scope and restricted to business-to-business activities
• The Development of the Internet:

  • Composed of interconnected computer networks
  • ARPANET was the precursor of the Internet, restricted to military and academic uses until the late 1980s
  • NSF developed an "acceptable use policy" in the 1980s that allowed faculty at universities to use the Internet for research and scholarly activities
  • By 1995, the NSF ceased its administration of the Internet, leading to privatization and commercial use
  • Growth in popularity of the World Wide Web (WWW) developed by Timothy Berners-Lee replaced file transfer as the main application
• Internet Access:

  • Refers to the communication between a residence or business and an ISP that connects to the Internet
  • Access categories include dedicated, dial-up, wireless, and satellite
  • Dial-up access requires a telephone modem and software provided by the ISP
• Network Names and Addresses:

  • Computers are assigned unique IP addresses for Internet connectivity
  • Domain names are assigned to computers for easier user access
  • Domain names are translated into IP addresses by protocol software
• 1. Mail:

  • Enables individuals or groups to exchange messages over the Internet
  • Users specify recipients using e-mail addresses
• Bandwidth:

  • The amount of data a network can transfer in a certain time measured in kbps or mbps
  • Dial-up modems transfer data up to 56 kbps, while DSL and cable modems are faster
• Popular Uses of the Internet:

  1. World Wide Web

  2. E-Mail

  3. Usenet

  4. Internet Relay Chat

  5. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

  6. Telnet
• The Information Superhighway:

  • Trends towards open, high-speed digital networks with fiber optic and satellite links
  • Widespread use of the Internet and its technologies have made the concept of an information superhighway feasible
• Major Components of Telecommunications Network:

  1. Terminal

  2. Telecommunications Processors

  3. Communication Channels

  4. Computers

  5. Telecommunications Control Software
• Telecommunications Media:

  1. Twisted-Pair Wire

  2. Coaxial Cable

  3. Fiber Optics

  4. Terrestrial Microwave

  5. Communication Satellite

  6. Cellular Phone Systems

  7. Wireless LANs
• Telecommunications Processors:

  • Modems convert digital signals into analog frequencies for transmission over telephone lines
  • Multiplexers allow a single channel to carry data from many terminals
  • Internet Work Processors include switches, routers, hubs, and gateways for network connections
• Types of Telecommunications Network:

  1. Wide Area Network (WAN)

  2. Local Area Network (LAN) interconnected with WANs
• Network Interface Card (NIC) is found in a computer's circuit board
• Local Area Networks (LANs) are connected to Wide Area Networks (WANs)
• Interconnected networks are called internetworks, with the Internet being the largest example
• Telecommunications networks rely on network processors like switches, routers, hubs, or gateways for internetworking connections
• Intranets are secure internal networks with web browser software for easy access to multimedia information
• Extranets link intranet resources with other organizations and individuals
• Network Operating Systems (NOS) like Novell Netware, IBM's OS/2, or MS NT Server are used on servers in LANs
• Common software functions in telecommunications networks include: Access Control, Transmission Control, Network Management, Error Control, and Security Management
• Basic network topologies include: Point-to-point lines and Multi-drop lines
• Three basic network topologies used in WAN and LAN are: Star Network, Ring Network, and Bus Network
• Protocols are standard rules and procedures for controlling communications in a network
• Network Architectures aim to promote an open, simple, flexible, and efficient telecommunications environment
• The OSI Model consists of seven layers for network architectures
• TCP/IP has five levels of protocol: Application or Process Layer, Host-to-Host Transfer Layer, Internet Protocol, Network Interface, and Physical Layer
• Bandwidth classifies the communication speed and capacity of telecommunications networks
• Telecommunication software packages provide various communication support services
• Data are vital organizational resources that need to be managed
• Data Resource Management includes Database Administration, Data Planning, and Data Administration
• Database Management Systems simplify the creation, use, and maintenance of databases
• Four major uses of DBMS are: Database Development, Data Dictionary, Database Interrogation, Database Maintenance, and Application Development
• Types of Databases include: Operational Databases, Analytical Databases, Data Warehouses, Distributed Databases, End User Databases, External Databases, and Hypermedia Databases
• Database Structures include: Hierarchical Structures, Network Structures, Relational Structures, Multidimensional Structures, and Object-Oriented Structures
• Methods to access databases include: Key Fields, Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), Sequential Access, and Direct Access