exposure and vulnerability

• Physical elements


  such as roads, bridges, and other transportation infrastructure, especially those located in areas prone to flooding, landslides, or erosion.
• Social elements such as people, communities, and institutions
• Economic elements such as businesses, industries, and financial systems.
• Environmental elements such as forests and other natural areas, particularly those located in areas prone to landslides or flooding.
• vulnerability 


  The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that makes it susceptible to the damaging effects of hazard
• As indicated by UNISDR, “There are many aspects of vulnerability arising from various physical, social, economic, and environmental
• SOCIAL VULNERABILITY

  Inability of the people, organizations & societies to withstand adverse impacts to hazards due to characteristics inherent, social interactions, institutions, & cultural values.
• economic vulnerability 


  The level of vulnerability is highly dependent upon the economic status of individuals, communities & nations
• Rural households are more vulnerable than those in urban because of greater number of people living in poverty
• environmental vulnerability is a critical concept for understanding the impact of human actions on our planet. By addressing vulnerability, we can work towards more sustainable

  practices and protect our ecosystems and species
• environmental vulnerability

  Natural resources depletion & resources degradation
• Agriculture and Food. The agriculture sector in the Philippines is highly dependent on a constant water supply and unpredictable growing seasons. Climate-related changes disrupt farming activities and hamper agricultural production resulting physical factors.
• 
  

  Watersheds: Forestry, Biodiversity, and Water resources Major river basins in the Philippines are considered the lifeblood of the Philippine economy. However, because of the pollution, unstable resource use and the additional pressure brought on by climate change, these areas have become less viable.
• Coastal and Marine Resources Even without climate change, many parts of the Philippines coasts were already getting damaged and deteriorating due to natural causes or human- induced activities.
• Human Health

  Infectious diseases that are climate-sensitive become vulnerabilities of a population that is threatened by the increasing frequency of extreme climate events. Other diseases have re- emerged or have become harder to treat.
• Out of 173 countries assessed for their exposure to hazards, the Philippines placed third.
• QUANTIFYING VULNERABILITY

  It is used in estimating how much mitigation and preparedness measures will be applied.
• People: Ratio of casualties / injured to the total population

  • Buildings: Expressed as a repair cost or degree of damage
• Medical Effects. The medial effects of disaster include traumatic injuries, emotional stress, epidemic stress, and indigenous diseases.
• Damage to Critical Facilities. These are communication installations, electrical generating and transmission facilities, hospitals, water facilities (storage, purifications, and pumping), and other public and private buildings.
• Disruption of Transportation. During the initial stages of a disaster, almost all surface means of transportation within a community are disrupted by broken bridges and roads and streets that are rendered impassable by landslides or floods
• Economic Impact. As a result of the destruction and damage to critical facilities, especially to transportation and communication facilities, disaster disrupts economies as normal business operations

  and other economic activities are curtailed.
• Global Environmental Change. The changes could result in a wide range of more hazards such as wildfires and mudslides, reduced productivity in the oceans, and weakened immune systems of people and animals.
• Social and Political Impact. As a large segment of the population in developing countries consists of the poor, who are the most vulnerable whenever disaster strikes, these countries are the most affected.
• Wealth: People living in poverty cannot afford adequate housing or infrastructure. They are unable to acquire resources needed before and after a disaster strikes.
• Governance: Governments can set policies and establish infrastructure to reduce vulnerability to hazards. Some governments have more resources available to dedicate to disaster risk reduction.
• Gender: Women are more likely to be poorer and less educated than men, making them more vulnerable to hazards.
• Age: Children and the elderly are more vulnerable because they have less physical strength and weaker immune systems. Children and the elderly are more dependent on others for survival but may not have anyone to depend upon after disaster strikes.
• Technology: Technology allows us to forecast weather, significantly reducing vulnerability.
• Primary effect direct result of the natural disaster (collapsed buildings, water damage)
• Secondary effects are the result of primary effects. (power outages due to fallen trees or damaged building and fires from broken gas lines)
• Tertiary effects are the long term effects of natural disasters. .