atom configuration

• Protons have a positive charge, while electrons have a negative charge.
• Neutral atoms contain an equal number of protons and electrons.
• Ions are charged particles formed when there is an unequal number of protons and electrons.
• The atomic mass is the sum of the masses of all particles within the nucleus (protons + neutrons) plus the electron cloud's mass.
• Isotopes are different forms of the same element with varying numbers of neutrons but similar chemical properties.
• Isotopes are different forms of the same element with varying numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.
• Nuclear reactions involve changes in the nuclei of atoms, such as fission or fusion.
• Atomic radius increases as we move down a group on the periodic table due to increased shielding by inner shells.
• Orbital diagrams show the arrangement of electrons in orbitals around the nucleus, while box models use boxes to represent energy levels and arrows to indicate filled orbitals.
• Electron configurations can be represented using orbital diagrams or box models.
• Incomplete subshells are indicated by unpaired electrons, which may contribute to magnetic properties.