Protons have a positive charge, while electrons have a negative charge.
Neutral atoms contain an equal number of protons and electrons.
Ions are charged particles formed when there is an unequal number of protons and electrons.
The atomic mass is the sum of the masses of all particles within the nucleus (protons + neutrons) plus the electron cloud's mass.
Isotopes are different forms of the same element with varying numbers of neutrons but similar chemical properties.
Isotopes are different forms of the same element with varying numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.
Nuclear reactions involve changes in the nuclei of atoms, such as fission or fusion.
Atomic radius increases as we move down a group on the periodic table due to increased shielding by inner shells.
Orbital diagrams show the arrangement of electrons in orbitals around the nucleus, while box models use boxes to represent energy levels and arrows to indicate filled orbitals.
Electronconfigurations can be represented using orbitaldiagrams or boxmodels.
Incomplete subshells are indicated by unpaired electrons, which may contribute to magnetic properties.