L3 ALTS

• 2 major dimensions in describing research activities

  degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions

  degree of imposition of units
• varies from high to low, from letting things happen as they will to setting up carefully controlled conditions

  degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions
• typically high in degree of manipulation

  experiments
• extent to which researcher constrains or limits the responses a subject may contribute to the data

  degree of imposition of units
• can vary from low to high in imposition of units

  non-experimental designs
• description of an individual's immediate exp

  phenomenology
• colors seemed to change as twilight deepened, understanding of spectral sensitivity to colors of different wavelengths

  purkinje effect
• purkinje effect

  johannes purkinje
• dealt with psychological issues, like habits, emotions, consciousness and stream of thoughts; our resistance to getting up inhibits out movement

  william james, principles of psychology
• limitations of phenomenology

  accuracy is compromised when observing ourselves

  descriptions of private experiences are not observable

  cannot be used to understand causes of behavior

  may lead into areas of discovery otherwise go unnoticed
• descriptive record of a single individual exp kept by an outside observer

  case studies
• 5 major purposes of case studies

  source of inference, hypotheses and theories

  source for developing therapy techniques

  allow the study of rare phenomena

  provide exceptions to accepted ideas, theories or practices

  have persuasive and motivational value
• extension of evaluative case study; study of schizophrenia; study non-clinical issues

  deviant case analysis
• limitations of case studies

  generalizability

  observations are limited

  extensive self-report may compromise data gathered

  reliance on retrospective data

  cannot make cause-and-effect statements
• data collected in the present based on recollections of past events

  retrospective data
• can be easily biased by the situation in which data are collected

  retrospective data
• non-experimental approaches used in the field or real-life settings

  field studies
• observing behaviors as they occur spontaneously in natural settings

  naturalistic observation
• study behavior in the wild and in captivity

  ethology
• naturalistic observation

  low manipulation, low imposition
• ethology

  low manipulation, low imposition
• techniques used in observational researches

  coding systems

  systematic observation

  strange situation
• collect and evaluate data in more objective, systematic and structured manner

  coding systems
• prearranged strategy for recording observations

  systematic observation
• study interaction between mother-infant pairs

  strange situation
• tendency of the participants to alter their behavior because there is someone observing them

  reactivity
• method where behavioral indicators are observed without the subject's knowledge

  unobtrusive measures
• limitations of nat obs

  does not lend itself to testing causal antecedents or determining cause and effect

  may or may not contain behaviors we want to observe

  reactivity
• researcher actually becomes part of the group being studied

  participant-observer studies
• do not include systematic observation or measurement techniques

  participant-observer studies
• descriptive research method in which already existing records are re-examined for a new purpose

  archival studies
• not experiments, causal inferences cannot be supported,

  archival studies
• relies on words rather than numbers for the data being collected

  qualitative research
• used to study contextual phenomena

  qualitative research
• rely on researcher's own experiences or on experiential data provided by other sources

  contemporary phenomenology
• sources of data for empirical phenomenology

  self-reflection or experiences

  oral or written descriptions

  literature, poetry, visual art, television, theatre and previous phenomenological research