Addiction

• addiction is a disorder included in the...?


  DSM-5
• addiction is more than what?

  doing something a lot
• what is addiction?

  something someone originally does for pleasure but eventually becomes complusive
• what type of symptoms does addiction cause?

  negative
• what does dependence refer to?

  the need to use/ experience an addictive stimuli
• what is physical dependence?

  the bodily response when stimuli is removed
• what is psychological dependence?

  the compulsion to continue the perceived positive rewards
• give 3 examples of the DSM-5 criteria

  • cravings
  • wanting to stop but can't
  • using even when dangerous
• how many characteristics of DSM-5 do you need for a diagnosis?

  2
• how long do you need to have 2 of the criteria met for a diagnosis?

  12 months
• what does salience mean?

  the importance of the behaviour to the individual
• what does mood modification mean?

  addictive behaviours are used to improve moods
• what does tolerance mean?

  the amount of a stimulus needed to achieve the same affect over time
• what are with drawl symptoms?


  unpleasant effects / feelings occurring due to the removal of a substance or behaviour
• what is meant by conflict?

  something occurring between addict and those around them
• what is meant by relapse?

  reverting to earlier patterns of activity after a period of absence
• what does tolerance do?

  creates a chemical inbalance
• If ingestion is continuous what do we redefine?

  balance to raise whats needed and create a high
• what does withdrawal syndrome based on?

  • drug used
  • amount consumed
  • drug use pattern
• name 3 types of addiction?

  Smoking

  Alcohol

  gambling
• what are the 5 risk factors to addiction?

  1. Genetic vulnerability - Mechanisms
  2. stress
  3. personality
  4. family influence
  5. peers
• what is genetic vulnerability?

  Having a vulnerability to drug dependance
• what is meant by genetic mechanisms?

  idea that some people lack a fully functioning enzyme that is responsible for metabolising nitcotine suggesting they are more susceptible to becoming dependant on nicotine.
• how is stress related to the development of an addiction?

  Epstein = correlation between childhood stress and alcohol addiction

  
  

  Increased risk with periods of chronic stress & traumatic life events
• Is there such thing of addictive personality disorder?

  No
• what did Butler and Montgomery suggest about personality in relation to addiction?

  Strong correlation between addictive behaviours and antisocial personality disorder
• How does family influence addictions?

  Perceived parent approval - parents have positive attitudes towards a particular addictive behaviour
• how do peers influence addiction?

  norms - it being normal for peers to do

  Experienced peers - give them opportunities to use

  Overestimates
• what are the limitations to research into risk factors?

  • underestimates complexity
  • indirect effects
  • cause and effect
• what are strengths to risk factor research?

  research to support
• What is the imbic system?

  central part of brain - memories are kept here
• what is acetylcholine?

  Neurotransmitter which passes on messages
• what happens when acetylcholine binds to a receptor?

  it opens ion channels
• what happens when the ion channel is opened?

  receptors are temporarily desensitised
• what does nicotine do to the acetylcholine?


  imitates it
• where does nicotine imitate acetyltcholine?

  nucleus accumbens
• when nicotine triggers dopamine what does this increase?


  our desire for things
• what does glutamate help us do?

  remember the experience
• what does the nicotine regulation model suggest?

  smokers become re-sensitised at night/
• What does NRM mean?

  nicotine regulation model