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Biology
Paper 1
infectious diseases
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Created by
Grace Oyelade
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Cards (95)
What are pathogens?
Microorganisms
that cause
infectious disease
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What types of organisms can be pathogens?
Bacteria
,
viruses
, protists, and
fungi
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How do bacteria reproduce inside the human body?
They can reproduce very
rapidly
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What do bacteria release that can harm us?
Toxins
that
damage
tissues
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What is the effect of toxins released by bacteria?
They
make
us feel
ill
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How do viruses reproduce?
Only inside a
host cell
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What happens when a virus invades a host cell?
It
reproduces
and damages the cell
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What occurs when a virus leaves a host cell?
The cell may
burst open
and die
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How are pathogens spread in the air?
Through
water droplets
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How can pathogens be spread directly in water?
Example:
cholera
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How can pathogens be spread between individuals?
By
direct contact
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What are some methods to reduce the spread of pathogens?
Wash
your
hands
Provide clean
drinking
water
Use condoms during sex
Isolate highly
infectious
patients
Vaccinations
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What is the first symptom of measles?
Fever
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What develops around 3 days after measles fever?
A
red rash
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How is the measles virus spread?
In
droplets
from coughs or sneezes
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What complications can develop from measles?
Damage to the
breathing
system and
brain
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Are most children vaccinated against measles?
Yes
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What is the initial symptom of HIV?
Flu-like
illness
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What does HIV attack in the body?
The patient's immune system cells
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What happens when the immune system is badly damaged by HIV?
It cannot fight off other infections
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What can occur when the immune system is severely damaged by HIV?
Patient may develop
cancer
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What is the late stage of HIV called?
AIDS
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What do antiretroviral drugs do for HIV patients?
Stop
the
virus
from
multiplying
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What is the result for patients taking antiretroviral drugs?
They lead a normal
life expectancy
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Do patients need to take antiretroviral drugs for life?
Yes
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How is HIV transmitted?
Through
exchange
of
fluids
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How can HIV be spread through sexual contact?
By
unprotected
sex
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How can HIV be spread through needles?
Sharing
infected
needles
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How is salmonella food poisoning caused?
By
ingesting
infected
food
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What conditions lead to salmonella bacteria?
Prepared in
unhygienic
conditions
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What do salmonella bacteria secrete?
Harmful
toxins
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What are the symptoms of salmonella?
Fever
, vomiting,
cramps
, diarrhoea
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Where is salmonella normally found?
In
chicken
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How does the UK control the spread of salmonella?
By vaccinating
chickens
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What type of disease is gonorrhoea?
STD
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What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?
Thick
yellow/green
discharge, pain
urinating
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How was gonorrhoea treated in the past?
Using the
antibiotic
penicillin
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What is a current issue with gonorrhoea treatment?
Antibiotic-resistant
strains are common
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How can the spread of gonorrhoea be stopped?
Using
condoms
during sex
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What should people do after unprotected sex regarding gonorrhoea?
Get
tested
for
gonorrhoea
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