Paper 1

• What are all living things made up of?

  Cells
• Name the two main types of cells.

  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Prokaryotic cells
• Are eukaryotic cells simple or complex?

  Complex
• Name the types of organisms that have eukaryotic cells.

  • Animals
  • Plants
• Which type of cells are found in plants?

  Plant cells
• What are eukaryotes?

  Organisms made up of eukaryotic cells
• Cells can either be _______ or _______.

  prokaryotic, eukaryotic
• What is a prokaryote?

  A prokaryotic cell which is a single-celled organism
• What are the different parts of a cell called?

  Subcellular structures
• What subcellular structure contains genetic material?

  Nucleus
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  It controls all the activities of the cell
• Describe the cytoplasm.

  A gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen, containing enzymes
• What are the main components of an animal cell?

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
• What is the function of the cell membrane in animal cells?

  It controls what goes in and out of the cell
• What is the function of ribosomes in animal cells?

  To make protein
• Where does aerobic respiration take place in animal cells?

  Mitochondria
• What does aerobic respiration release in animal cells?

  Energy
• What substance strengthens the cell wall in plant cells?

  Cellulose
• What additional structure do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

  Cell wall
• What does the vacuole contain?

  Cell sap
• What takes place in the cytoplasm of animal cells?

  Aerobic chemical reactions, such as cellular respiration and protein synthesis
• Which macromolecule are proteins made of?

  Amino acids
• Do ribosomes have a role in aerobic respiration in animal cells?

  Yes, ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis necessary for aerobic respiration
• List the key differences between plant and animal cells.

  Plant cells have:

  • Chloroplasts
  • Cell wall
  • Vacuoles
  • Plasmids
• How do prokaryotic cells compare in complexity to eukaryotic cells?

  Prokaryotic cells are simpler and do not have a nucleus
• What advantage does an electron microscope have over a light microscope?

  It provides 3D images and better resolution
• What type of microscope is used to view cells in 3D?

  Electron microscope
• What does magnification refer to in microscopy?

  How many times bigger an object appears
• What is resolution in microscopy?

  How clear the image is
• Name the two main types of stem cells.

  Embryonic and Adult
• To convert measurements from millimeters to micrometers, you should multiply by ________.

  10
• Which type of stem cells are unspecialized and can grow into any cell?

  Embryonic
• What is the function of a sperm cell?

  To swim to the egg
• What is the function of a muscle cell?

  To contract to allow movement
• What is the function of a nerve cell?

  To carry impulses
• What are the specialized cells discussed?

  Root hair cells, xylem cells, phloem cells
• What is the function of root hair cells?

  To absorb water and nutrients from the soil
• How are xylem cells structured to transport water?

  They are hollow and joined end to end with thick cell walls for support
• What do xylem cells transport?

  Water
• What do phloem cells transport?

  Dissolved sugars and amino acids