developmental psychology

• The anal stage involves focus on the anus and pleasure derived from anal activities such as holding and releasing feces.
• Theory of mind is the ability to understand that other people have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives different from one's own.
• The oral stage involves focus on the mouth and pleasure derived from oral activities such as sucking, biting, and chewing.
• Children develop theory of mind around age four or five years old.
• The phallic stage involves focus on the genitals and is marked by the development of the Oedipus complex in boys and girls.
• Developmental psychologists use observational studies to gather data on children's behavior without interfering with it.
• During this stage, children begin to understand that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible (object permanence).
• Children also develop language skills and become more adept at using words to communicate their thoughts and feelings.
• They can engage in pretend play and have an increased ability to imagine things beyond what they see or experience directly.
• Erikson proposed eight stages of psychosocial development throughout the lifespan, with each stage presenting unique challenges and opportunities for growth.
• In the latency period, children suppress sexual urges and focus on developing social skills and interests outside of family relationships.
• During the phallic stage, children become aware of sexual differences between males and females and develop feelings of love or jealousy towards parents.
• Deferred imitation is the ability to remember and reproduce observed behaviors later without immediate reinforcement.
• Centration is the tendency to focus on one aspect or feature of a situation at a time.
• Genetic factors are inherited characteristics that contribute to individual differences in behavior.
• Egocentrism refers to the tendency to view the world only from one's own perspective.
• During the latency period (ages 6-12), children develop social skills and engage in peer relationships.
• The phallic stage occurs between ages 3-6 years old and focuses on sexuality and genitalia.
• Erikson proposed eight stages of psychosocial development throughout the lifespan, with each stage presenting unique challenges and opportunities for growth.
• During the phallic stage (ages three to six), boys become fixated on their genitals and may experience castration anxiety.
• Adolescents are focused on identity versus role confusion, while adults are focused on intimacy versus isolation.
• Girls also experience sexual attraction towards their fathers but are not afraid of being castrated like boys.
• Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction in learning and proposed the zone of proximal development, which refers to the range between what a child can do alone and what they can achieve with guidance.
• Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model suggests that human development occurs within multiple nested contexts, including microsystems (e.g., family, school) and macrosystems (e.g., culture, society).
• Concrete operations involve logical thinking about real things rather than abstract concepts.
• Erikson's psychosocial theory proposes eight stages of development across the lifespan, each characterized by a crisis or conflict that must be resolved successfully to promote healthy psychological growth.
• Children also start to form concepts about things based on their experiences.
• Concrete operations involve mental manipulation of real objects or events.
• The concrete operational stage is characterized by an increase in reasoning abilities and the ability to think logically about concrete situations.
• Formal operations occur during adolescence and allow individuals to think abstractly and consider hypothetical situations.
• Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction in learning and proposed the zone of proximal development as an area where children are able to perform tasks independently if given guidance from adults.
• Concrete operations involve the ability to think logically about real things rather than abstract concepts.
• Infancy (0-2 years): Infants develop basic motor skills such as reaching, grasping, and crawling, as well as language skills like babbling and cooing.
• Cognitive development involves changes in thinking patterns over time, including the acquisition of new knowledge and skills.
• Language acquisition refers to the process by which infants develop language skills over time.
• Cognitive development involves changes in how people process information and understand the world around them.
• During this period, children begin to understand cause-and-effect relationships and can reason logically about concrete problems.
• Language Development - The process by which babies acquire the ability to communicate using words and sentences.
• Late childhood (12-18 years): Adolescents experience physical changes and may struggle with identity formation and peer pressure.
• Formal Operations Stage - Adolescence through adulthood