hass test 4

• Indigenous identity is established by descent, self-identification, and acceptance by the community you live in or lived in
• The stolen generations, spanning from 1810 to 1970, involved around 100,000 Indigenous children taken under so-called protection acts, forcibly removed from their families, leading to generational trauma, alcoholism, suicide, and therapy as consequences
• Consequences of the stolen generations include deep mistrust of authorities, disconnected communities, mental health issues, substance abuse, shorter life expectancy, higher incarceration rates, and loss of languages, cultures, and traditions
• Governments believed they were saving children from neglect and that Indigenous "pure blood" would die out, while "half-caste" or mixed-race children would assimilate into settler culture more easily
• Chief protectors had the power to remove Indigenous children without providing reasons, often falsifying claims of abuse and neglect, sending them to missionary training institutions, putting them up for adoption or fostering by settler parents, controlling their lives, and requiring permission for marriage and employment
• The 1905 Aboriginal Act aimed to assimilate Indigenous people by noticing fairer skin in interracial children, leading settlers to believe that the Indigenous population would die out, with the settler's role seen as "soothing the dying pillow" or facilitating the "breeding out" of colored populations
• The Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 aimed to limit non-white, particularly Asian, immigration to Australia, including a dictation test for migrants entering Australia
• In 1881, the NSW government introduced a protection policy appointing a protector of 'aborigines' with powers to set up reserves and force Indigenous people to live on them, leading to segregation and separation from communities
• In 1961, the assimilation policy expected all Aboriginals to adopt the same manner of living and be part of the Australian community, aiming to make the Aboriginal problem disappear through removal of children, separated education, and low wages
• The 1912 Moore River Native Settlement, later named Mogumber Native Mission, was opened by A.O. Neville, WA’s Chief Protector of Aborigines, intended for Aboriginal people but turned into a camp where mixed-race children were taken from their homes to work and assimilate
• The Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Girls forcibly removed girls aged 7-14 from their parents to train as domestic servants for white families, denying contact with their families, forbidding their culture, language, and punishing those who broke the rules
• The Kinchela Boys Home, operating from 1924 to 1970, housed around 400 Aboriginal boys aged 7 to 14, providing basic education and teaching farming/basic manual labor tasks with strict discipline, harsh treatment, and severe punishment
• integration 

  To give aboriginal people more control over their lives and society 
• Self determination 

  Transfer of decision-making power from government to indigenous peoples 

  So, they can make decisions on matters that affect their lives 

  More rights so they have a say, and improved quality of life 
• ‘Full blood’ first nations people were 

  Discouraged often ban from school, unable to buy alcohol, required permits to enter city of Perth and other areas, forced to live in specific areas, required permission from protector for employment and if paid the payment would be kept by protector for safe keeping. 
• Consequences of the stolen generations 

  Deep mistrust of authorities, disconnected communities, mental health issues, substance abuse, shorter life expectancy, higher incarnation rates and loss of languages, cultures and traditions 
• Governments believed they were saving children from lives of neglect. 

  First nations people “pure blood” would die out. And “half caste” or mixed-race children would easily assimilate into settler culture. They felt that it was the settler's job to elevate them. 
• Remove from families --> block access to culture language and history --> re-educate using a different culture, language and history 
• The more first nations DNA you had they believed determined by your appearance the more you could be trusted and cope with responsibility 
• KEY FEATURES OF AUSTRALIA’S WESTMINSTER SYSTEM

  1.A monarch as head of state – represented by the Governor-General. 2.An elected Parliament, made up of two houses (bicameral). 3.A government is formed by the political party or coalition that has majority support in the Lower House of Parliament and the Prime Minister is the head of government. 4.A cabinet, drawn from government members of Parliament. 5.An independent judiciary.
• •The monarch is represented in the country by the Governor-General who carries out their duties in the country on their behalf. The monarch is the Head of State but does not have any role in the day-to-day running of the country. The monarch’s role is mainly ceremonial and through theGovernor-General exercises little real power, except in rare circumstances.
• 2. ELECTED PARLIAMENT

  ••Part of the legislative arm of the government – it ‘makes’ laws. Australia is a representative democracy – we elect our representatives to Parliament. Most (but not all) Westminster style governments have a bicameral parliament – two houses.•In Australia, these two houses are the House of Representatives (the ‘lower’ house) and the Senate (the ‘upper’ house).••Roles of the elected parliament are : To represent the views and beliefs of the people in their electorate.To make laws based on those views and beliefs.
• •Government is formed by the party or coalition of parties that has majority support in the House of Representatives.•The Government and the Prime Minster are part of the executive branch of government, but come from parliament.
• •The Prime Minister:•By convention, is the person who is the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in the House of Representatives.•In Australia, we do not directly vote for the Prime Minister – they are voted in as a member for their electorate.•Has no term limit and can keep their job as long as they are a member of parliament and can keep the support of government.•Is the most powerful person in parliament and their role is to oversee the day-to-day running of the government.
• •Cabinet is the top decision making group within the Australian government and includes the Prime Minister and about 19 ministers.•Ministers each oversee a ‘ministry’ – which includes an area or areas of national interest (e.g., treasury, finance, women, agriculture, foreign affairs, environment, and defence, amongst others.)
• The role of cabinet is to discuss solutions to national problems and to present bills prepared by government departments to the Parliament. Sometimes cabinet also established sub-committees to examine an issue in greater detail. Cabinet and the Prime Minister are not mentioned in the Australian Constitution, their roles are set out through custom and convention.
• •Federal judges are appointed by the Governor-General,•Selected by Cabinet on advice of the Attorney-General (a minister responsible for law.)
• •Under the separation of powers, the judiciary must remain independent so that it can act as a check and balance to the executive and legislative branches.•This is important – judicial officers act independently and without interference from the Parliament or the executive. The role of the judiciary is to interpret and apply laws impartially and fairly, both for leaders and other citizens.
• •The Australian Public Service is the federal civil service of Australia and are employed by the Commonwealth Government.••They are apolitical – they serve the people and the government, not a political party or political movement.
• PUBLIC SERVANTS •They include: Defence Force personnel, government business enterprise employees, parliamentary staff, Australian Federal Police staff and public servants under other Commonwealth agency-specific legislation.
• •The role of public servants is implementation of government policy,administration of laws, public policy, and public services of the departmentsand executive and statutory agencies of the Government of Australia.
• •Australian values include, but are not limited to: Respect Equality Fairness and Freedom
• ••In Australia, respect is about the freedom and dignity of the individual. express our thoughts and feelings, and to respect those of others, within the law.
• •Equality is the idea that all people are born free and equal, have the same rights and deserve the same level of respect.
• •Public authorities should not apply or enforce laws, policies and programs in a discriminatory or arbitrary manner.
• •However, sometimes it may be necessary to treat people differently to achieve equality. This is because differences between people may make it difficult for them to enjoy their rights without support. This may not amount to prohibited discrimination if the criteria for the differentiation are reasonable and objective. This type of ‘equality’ leads to equity – where everyone gets what is necessary in relation to their needs.
• •An important idea in Australia is the idea of a ‘fair go’. This is where everyone, regardless of their background, is given an equal opportunity to achieve success in life. Ensuring that everyone has the same legal rights is an important aspect of fairness in Australian society. What someone achieves in life should be a result of their hard work and talents not their birth.
• •The freedom of assembly – gather in large groups.•The freedom of movement – travel within a country and between countries.•The freedom of association – join clubs, association or political parties•The freedom of religion – worship the deity of choosing, or non at all.•The freedom of expression – say, write or ‘express’ your thoughts and feelings.
• •The following are protected in the Australian Constitution:•Freedom of religion (Section 116)•Protection against acquisition of property on unjust terms(Section 51)•Freedom from discrimination on the basis of state of residency (Section 117)•The right to vote (Section 41)•The right to a trial by jury (Section 80)
• Most southern states of the USA had passed laws that enforced the segregation of whites and African Americans