English Q3

• An argumentative essay aims to make the reader agree with the writer's opinion about a controversial or debatable issue
• In an argumentative essay, the writer's goal is to convince the readers of their opinion on the issue
• The structure of an argumentative essay includes three parts: introduction, body, and conclusion
• The introduction of an argumentative essay should introduce the issue, provide background information, and state the claim or thesis statement
• The body of an argumentative essay presents evidence to support the writer's claim, with each paragraph focusing on one reason and its supporting details
• Counter claim and rebuttal in an argumentative essay involve presenting the opposing argument and then refuting it
• The conclusion of an argumentative essay includes a general statement supporting the claim, a memorable quotation, and a call to action
• Writing technique is the style an author uses to convey his or her message in a manner that is effective and meaningful to the audience
• This module focuses on writing techniques for informative text or essays, covering:

  • Writing techniques for persuasive writing
  • Writing techniques for argumentative writing
• Characteristics of an informative essay:

  • Explains a certain issue or topic
  • Provides information and explanations straightforwardly
  • The writer acts like a reporter, stating facts without offering opinions
• In an informative essay, the writer presents the topic or issue without offering opinions
• In an argumentative essay, the writer presents evidence through personal experiences, expert interviews, or from books/articles
• Structures for informative essays include:

  • Description
  • Comparison or contrast
  • Problem solution
  • Cause effect
  • Sequence
• In an argumentative essay, there is a counter claim and rebuttal to opposing arguments, while in an informative essay, this is not necessary
• Conclusion tips for essays:

  • Include a summary of ideas presented in the body
  • Restate the thesis statement
  • Encourage readers to learn more about the topic
  • Include a call to action or quotation
• Structures for informative essays:

  • Description: explains a topic in detail
  • Comparison and contrast: describes similarities or differences between two subjects
  • Problem solution: presents a problem and proposes solutions
  • Cause effect: explains why something happened or how something occurred
  • Sequence: describes a series of events or a process in order
• Sample informative essay structure:

  • Title: Traveling
  • Introduction: Background information about traveling
  • Body: Advantages of traveling
  • Conclusion: Encouragement to travel more despite the cost
• Sample informative essay structure:

  • Title: Why are cities becoming overcrowded
  • Introduction: Background information on overcrowded cities
  • Body: Economic and social-cultural causes of overcrowding
  • Conclusion: Economic and cultural factors are the major causes of urban population growth
• Persuasive text aims to convince, motivate, or move readers towards a certain point of view or opinion
• Persuasive writing techniques involve combining facts with emotions to convince the reader that the author is right
• In persuasive writing, the main purpose is to get the reader to agree with the author's opinion
• Persuasive writing uses an emotionally charged and more aggressive tone compared to argumentative writing
• Parts of a persuasive essay:

  • Introduction: includes a catchy hook, background information, and a thesis statement
  • Body: provides at least three reasons supported by evidence
  • Conclusion: includes a summary and a call to action
• Aristotle's three modes of persuasion:

  • Pathos: appeal to emotion
  • Logos: appeal to reason
  • Ethos: appeal to authority
• An argumentative essay aims to make the reader agree with the writer's opinion about a controversial or debatable issue
• Persuasive and argumentative essays share similar characteristics but have differences:

  • Both follow the same format: introduction, body, and conclusion
  • Both must have statements about a certain issue, supported by evidence
  • Only argumentative essays have a counterclaim and rebuttal
• Persuasive essays are emotion-based, while argumentative essays focus more on logical reasoning
• A proposal argument in an argumentative essay presents a proposal as a solution to a problem, outlining details and providing reasons to support it
• A causal argument in an argumentative essay focuses on how something has caused or led to a particular problem, answering how or why questions
• A definition argument in an argumentative essay clarifies a controversial term or concept, asserting that understanding the definition is crucial
• A narrative argumentative essay supports an argument in a narrative manner, using real-life experiences to convince the reader
• Critique papers are not only intended for literary works like poems, short stories, and novels, but also for books, films, movies, research studies, and artworks
• Critiquing is a form of criticism that aims to study, discuss, evaluate, and interpret literary works
• A critique paper consists of: introduction, summary, analysis, and conclusion
• Structuralist critics analyzed material by examining underlying structures such as characterization or plot
• Formalism


  Critical approaches that analyze, interpret, or evaluate the inherent features of a text
• Formalism


  Focuses on modes, genres, discourse, and forms
• Formalism


  Reduces the importance of a text's historical, biographical, and cultural context
• Structuralist approach is a way of criticizing actions
• Structuralist approach is a way of critiquing your action based on elements of short stories