Comparative Anatomy

• As 103: poultry production and flock health management
• LECTURE 1: Nutritional Deficiency for Broilers
• SECOND SEMESTER | SY. 2023 - 2024
• by: SARABIA
• Nutritional deficiency


  When the body doesn't receive the necessary vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients it needs to function properly
• Energy Deficiency


  • When broilers experience energy deficiency, it means they are not getting enough calories from their diet to support their physiological needs
• Reasons for energy deficiency

  • Inadequate formulation of feed
  • Poor feed quality
  • Improper feeding management
  • Environmental stressors
• Symptoms of energy deficiency

  • Reduced growth rates
  • Poor feed conversion efficiency
  • Lower body weights
  • Inferior meat quality
• Essential fatty acids


  Lipids that are not metabolized by the body and therefore must be obtained from the diet
• Types of essential fatty acids

  • Saturated
  • Unsaturated
  • Trans fat
• Saturated fat


  Solid in room temperature due to compacted carbon atoms. They are one of the essential fatty acids however, if too much is added, it becomes unhealthy. Commonly found in animal products such as meat, poultry, and dairy products.
• Unsaturated fat


  Liquid in room temperature due to missing atoms. They are the healthiest type of fat amongst the three types of EFAs. Commonly found in fatty fish, vegetable oils, olive oil, avocado oil, and certain nuts.
• Trans fat


  Normally liquid but becomes solid at room temperature. They are the unhealthiest type of fat amongst the three types of EFAs. Commonly found in margarine, shortening, and various processed foods.
• Symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency


  • Poor feather quality
  • Skin issues
  • Reduced egg production
  • Delayed growth and development
  • Reduced egg hatchability
  • Immune system impairment
  • Decreased fertility
  • Neurological Abnormalities
  • Behavioral Changes
• Protein


  Made from essential acids and is responsible for the production growth and repair of tissues
• Essential amino acids


  • Arginine
  • Histidine
  • Isoleucine
  • Leucine
  • Lysine
  • Methionine
  • Phenylalanine
  • Threonie
  • Typtophan
  • Valine
  • Cystine
  • Glycine
• Symptoms of protein deficiency

  • Reduced Growth Rate
  • Poor Feathering
  • Poor Muscle Development
  • Decreased Feed Intake
  • Weakness and Lethargy
  • Increased Susceptibility to Other Diseases
• Vitamin A


  Also known as retinol, which also occurs in the form of retinal and retinoic acid. It plays an important role in several physiological functions such as resisting infection and is technically known as the anti-infective vitamin.
• Deficiency symptoms of vitamin A in chicks

  • Anorexia
  • Growth retardation
  • Drowsiness
  • Weakness
  • Incoordination
  • Emaciation
  • Ruffled feathers
  • Ataxia (if severe)
• Deficiency symptoms of vitamin A in adults

  • Emaciation
  • Weakness
  • Ruffled feathers
  • Drowsiness
  • Incoordination
  • Watery discharge
  • Xerophthalmia (milky white, cheesy material accumulation in the eyes)
• Vitamin D


  Cholecalciferol. Deficiency in young chicks can cause poor bone development, skeletal deformities, and reduced immune function. Deficiency in hens can affect egg production and cause calcium deficiency.
• Vitamin E


  Deficiency can cause encephalomalacia (softening of the brain), exudative diathesis (depression, sitting on the hock, subcutaneous edema, swelling, and greenish-blue discoloration), and muscular dystrophy (depression, slow growth, whitish-gray areas of muscle degeneration).
• Vitamin K


  Essential for the synthesis of prothrombin and other blood clotting factors. Regulates many physiological functions such as electron transport, and has effects against coccidiosis.
• Symptoms of vitamin K deficiency

  • Impairment of blood coagulation
  • Subcutaneous and internal hemorrhages
  • Prolonged blood clotting
  • Anemia
  • Hemorrhagic blemishes
• Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)


  Needed for the formation of a coenzyme involved in the function of the nervous system. Deficiency can be caused by inadequate level in the diet, excess Amprolium, moldy feed, or rancid fat oxidation.
• Symptoms of vitamin B1 deficiency

  • Anorexia
  • Polyneuritis
  • Paralysis
• Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)


  Deficiency can cause slow growth, curled toe paralysis, and walking with hocks with the aid of wings.
• Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)


  Necessary for proper metabolism of amino acids. Deficiency can cause retarded growth, dermatitis, convulsion, and anemia.
• Vitamin B12


  Involved in the formation of DNA, production of RB, and maintaining the nervous system and mood. Deficiency can cause reduced weight gain and feed intake, poor feathering, and nervous disorders.
• Niacin (Nicotinic acid)


  Deficiency may result from inadequate dietary intake of niacin and/or tryptophan, or other nutrient deficiencies. Symptoms include loss of appetite, retarded growth, general weakness and diarrhea, enlargement of the tibiotarsal joint, bowing of the legs, poor feathering, and dermatitis on the head and feet.
• Pantothenic acid


  Involved in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, and the production of RBC, sex and stress related hormones. Deficiency can cause reduced growth and feed intake, poor feathering, encrustations (beak and eye) and dermatitis (feet).
• Biotin


  Also called vitamin H or B7. Lack of biotin results in aberrant keratinization and cornification of the epidermis, which lowers tensile strength and increases the risk of skin abrasions. Deficiency symptoms include dry scaly and flaky skin, footpad calluses, disturbed and broken feathers, lesions around the mouth, sticky eyelid, delayed wound healing, and leg deformities in growing chicks.
• Folacin (Folic acid)


  Also known as vitamin B9. Essential for healthy brain development and has a significant impact on mental and emotional well-being. Severe deficiency can cause macrocytic anemia.
• Symptoms of nutritional deficiencies in chickens

  • Corner of the chicken's mouth
  • Sticky eyelid
  • Delayed wound healing

  
• Symptoms of nutritional deficiencies in growing chicks

  • Leg deformities
  • Perosis
  • Crooked leg and enlargement
  • Twisted hock joint
  • Beak deformities
  • Impaired muscle coordination
• Treatment for nutritional deficiencies

  Add supplemental vitamins specially Biotin
• Prevention of nutritional deficiencies

  Make sure the feeds is properly stored and in a well ventilated area free from moist and molds
• Folacin


  Folic acid, vitamin B9
• Folic acid is essential for healthy brain development and has a significant impact on mental and emotional well-being
• Folic acid helps produce DNA and RNA, the body's genetic material