Chapter 5

• Bacteria and eukaryotes evolved from a preursor called

  the last common ancestor
• Always unicellular

  Protozoa
• May be uni or multicellular 


  fungi, algae
• Always multicellular

  Helminths
• Meiosis is the production of sex cells 


  eggs and sperm
• Endoplasmic reticulum 


  Microscopic series of tunnels used in transport and storage
• Rough ER

  No ribosomes are attached

  Proteins help for packaging and transport
• Smooth ER

  No ribosomes
• Golgi Apparatus 


  Site of protein modification and transport
• Cellular vesicles (lysosomes) 


  Come form the Golgi Apparatus and has a variety of enzymes
• Structure of the mitochondria

  1. Cristae: folds on inner membrane that holds enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration
  2. Matrix: Holds ribosomes, DNA, enzymes and other compounds
• Cytoskeleton types

  Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
• Macroscopic fungi?

  Mushrooms, puffballs and gil fungi
• Microscopic fungi

  Molds and yeasts
• Microscopic morphology

  Yeast cell: round or oval shape, asexual reproduction
• Heterotrophic?


  Acquire nutrients from a wide variety of substrates
• Saprobes 


  Obtain nutrients form dead plants and animals
• Parasites?


  Live on the bodies of living animals or plants
• Most microscopic fungi grow in loose associations or colonies
• Mycelium


  Woven intertwining mass of hyphae
• Septa? 


  Cross walls dividing hyphae into segments
• Spores

  Fungal reproductive bodies
• Asexual spore formation

  1. Sporangiospores
  2. Condidiospores
• Sporangiospores 


  Formed by successive cleaves within a sporangium
• Condiospores 


  free spores not enclosed by spore bearing sac
• Fungal Identification and cultivation

  1. Isolation on special media
  2. Observation microscopically and macroscopically
  3. Asexual spore;forming structures and spores used to identify species and genus
  4. Hyphal Type, colony texture, color, physiological characteristics and genetic makeup
• Subkingdoms of kingdom Protista

  Algae and Protozoa
• what type of protists are algae

  Photosynthetic protists
• True or false the algae exhibits all of the eukaryotic organelles

  True
• Protozoan are heterotropic and require their food in complex organic forms
• Free-living species of protozoa

  Scavage dead animals and debris and graze on live cells of bacteria and algae
• Parasitic species of protozoa

  Live on fluids of the host such as cytoplasm and digestive juices, they also may actively feed on tissues
• What are the types of locomotion in protozoan?

  1. Pseudopods (false feet)
  2. Flagella
  3. cilia
• Pseudopods?

  Amoebid motion, serve as feeding structures
• cilia?

  Distributed over the entire surface of the cell in characteristic patterns
• Feeding and dormant stages or protozoa

  Trophozoite and cyst
• Describe Trophozite

  Motile(mobile) feeding stage, requires ample food and moisture to remain active
• Describe Cyst

  Dormant, resting stage, formed when conditions become unfavorable, Important factor in the spread of disease
• Protozoan Identification and cultivation

  1. Shape and size of cell
  2. Type, number and distribution of locomotor structures
  3. Number of nuclei
• What is parasitology

  The study of protozoa and helminths