Intro-History

• Huang Di Nei Ching


  Blood contained the soul
• Hippocrates

  Greek physician, postulates that the body is comprised of 4 humors (Blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile – and their imbalance causes disease.
• Egyptians and Romans

  • Blood baths for physical and spiritual restoration
  • Drank blood of fallen gladiators in the belief that the blood could transmit vitality
• Blood Letting is depicted on an ancient Greek vase
• Ancient Greeks

  • Considered one of medicine’s oldest practices, blood letting is thought to have originated in Ancient Egypt. It then spread to Greece
• Aristotle, Greek

  philosopher, believes that the heart is the central organ of the body. Following dissections of many different animals _____ presumes that heart is a three-chambered organ, even in humans
• Galen (Claudius Galenus), Greek physician, describes the anatomy of the human body and includes a reference to ‘bright and dark blood from separate channels in the body which interconnect.
• Claudius Galenus - liver as the origin of blood and the kidney’s as a filter. Although incorrect in many details, his descriptions formed the basis for all blood circulation studies for centuries
• Pope Innocent VIII - Earliest recorded transfusion: As a remedy for an apoplectic stroke suffered by ____ , his physician advised a blood transfusion. The blood of 3 young boys was by crude methods, transferred to the __. Donors and patient later all died.
• Pope Innocent VII - first unlucy recipient of blood transfusion
• In the 18th Century, blood letting was the most popular form of treatment of a vast number of ailments
• most common cause of blood contamination of donor in bacteriology?

  Yersinia enterocolitica
• William Harvey

  • English physician, publishes An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals’ describing in great detail his model for the blood circulation and function of the valves
• William Harvey- De Motu Cordis
• Richard Lower - First successful animal to animal blood transfusion

  • Dog to dog
  • Oxford physician
  • Experiments proceeded to animal-to-animal
• Jean-Baptiste Denis

  • First animal to human Blood transfusion
  • His patient is Antoine Mauroy a 34-year-old madman
  • Used calf’s blood
  • Chose animal blood because he believed that it is purer than that of human’s
  • Mauroy survived three transfusions but died with poison by his wife
• A surgeon’s Blood letting set

  
• 18th Century Blood Lancets

  
• Bleeding bowl

  
• Bleeding bowl


  with gradations to measure the amount of blood. Made by John Foster of London after 1740.
• The interior of a Scarificator

  
• Scarificator

  
• • Scarification without cupping in Egypt in the 16th century
  • To Obtain sufficient blood, 20-40 gashes were made in the legs of the patient and was made to stand in a basin of warm water.
• Weiss’s Improved Cupping device

  
• Glass Cupping Cups

  
• bleeding bowl graduation - to measure the amount of blood
• scarificator - blade used for blood letting considered as popular treatment of arrange medical condition, combination with cupping. Made of brass and 12 lancets.
• cupping therapy - an Asian form alternative medicine in which therapy on your skin to create suction
• Leech Jars - traditionally use for blood letting. Use to store leeches when not being used to treatment
• Leech jars

  
• Fox's glass leech

  
• Father of American Surgery

  Performed the first human-to-human transfusion but not confirmed.

  Philip Syng Physick
• John Henry Leacock


  Performed and published a set of animal experiments that proved that the donor and recipient must be of the same species.
• James Blundell


  First successful human to human transfusion

  From a woman dying of postpartum hemorrhage with the blood of her husband.
• Emil Ponfick and Leonard Landois


  Discovered the significance progress in understanding the basis for the incompatibility between species
• Karl Landsteiner


  Discovered ABO blood groups

  -Austrian Immunologist

  -Initial identification of three blood groups, A, B, C (C later named O)
• Edward E. Lindemann


  Carried out vein-to-vein transfusion of blood by using multiple syringes and a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the skin.
• Unger


  Designed his syringe-valve apparatus that transfusions from donor to patient by an unassisted physician became practical
• Alfred Decastello and Adriano Sturli


  Discovered the fourth blood group, AB.

  Former student of Landsteiner
• Richard Weil


  First to perform ABO typing and began compatibility testing

  First to suggest inheritance of ABO types