SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

• Ø  SELF-UNDERSTANDING - From 8 to 11 years of age, children increasingly describe themselves in terms of psychological characteristics and traits, in contrast with the more concrete self-descriptions of younger children.

   
• ·         SOCIAL ASPECTS - children become more likely to recognize of the self.

   

  ·         SOCIAL GROUPS - in their self-descriptions, such as referring to themselves as a Girl Scout, a Catholic, or someone who has two close friends.

   

  ·         SOCIAL COMPARISON - children are more likely to distinguish themselves from others in comparative rather than in absolute terms.

   
• Ø  UNDERSTANDING OTHERS – known as perspective taking.

  -          Children also become more skeptical of other’s claim, less trusting and better at explaining the reasons doubt sources that might distort claims than were younger children.
• Ø  SELF-ESTEEM - refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self-worth or self-image.
• Ø  SELF-CONCEPT - refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.

  Ø  SELF-EFFICACY - belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

   
• Ø  SELF-REGULATION - is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts, leading to increased social competence and achievement.

   

  Ø  INDUSTRY VERSUS INFERIORITY - become interested in how things are made and how they work.
• Ø  COPING WITH STRESS - Older children generate more coping alternatives for stressful conditions and use more cognitive coping strategies can shift or reframe thoughts.
• Ø  Autonomous morality – consider the intentions of the individual believe that rule is subject to change.

   
• Ø  PRECONVENTIONAL REASONING - lowest level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory. At this level, children interpret good and bad in terms of external rewards and punishments.
• Ø  CONVENTIONAL REASONING - intermediate, level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. Individuals abide by certain standards (internal), but they are the standards of others, such as parents or the laws of society.
• Ø  POSTCONVENTIONAL REASONING - At this level, morality is more internal. Also, in postconventional reasoning, individuals engage in deliberate checks on their reasoning to ensure that it meets high ethical standards.
• Ø  FAMILIES AS CHILDREN- less time with them

   

  Ø  FAMILY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - are positively related to students’ grades and self-responsibility, and negatively to school-related problems.

   
• Ø  ATTACHMENT WITH FAMILIESthey typically spend less time with parents.

   

  • Ø  STEP FAMILIESchildren often have better relationship with their custodial parents than with the stepparents.
• Ø  BETTER PARENT CHILD AFFECTIVE - the children have fewer internalizing and externalizing problems

   

  Ø  PEER STATUS/SOCIOMETRIC STATUS - from approximately 10 percent at 2 years of age to more than 30 percent
• -          POPULAR CHILDREN - are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.

   

  -          AVERAGE CHILDREN - receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers.
• -          NEGLECTED CHILDREN - are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

   

  -          REJECTED CHILDREN - are infrequently nominated as someone’s best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

   
• -          CONTROVERSIAL CHILDREN - are frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend and as being disliked.
• Ø  PEER GROUP INCREASES AND PEER PEER INTERACTION is less closely supervised by adults. Until about 12 years of age, children’s preference for same-sex peer groups increases.
• Ø  SOCIAL COGNITION – thoughts about social matter such as the aggressive boy’s interpretation of an encounter as hostile and his classmates’ perception of his behavior as inappropriate
• Ø  BULLYING - bullied children reported more loneliness and difficulty in making friends, while those who did the bullying were more likely to have low grades and to smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol.