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• -          EXECUTIVE FUNCTION – consists of control inhibition, working memory, and flexibility.
• Ø  CRITICAL THINKING - involves thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating evidence.
• Ø  MINDFULNESS— is an important aspect of thinking critically.

   
• Ø  CREATIVE THINKING - is the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems.
• Ø  This difference was recognized by J. P. Guilford (1967), who distinguished between:

  -          CONVERGENT THINKING - which produces one correct answer and characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence.

   

  -          DIVERGENT THINKING - which produces many different answers to the same question and characterizes creativity.
• Ø  METACOGNITION - is cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing, it also encompasses knowledge about one’s own theory.
• INTELLIGENCE STANFORD

  -          is the ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experiences.

  
  

  Ø  1905 SCALE – Alfred Binet together with his student Theophile Simon device a method of identifying children who are unable to learn in school in 1905 consisting of 30 questions.
• Ø  MENTAL AGE (MA) - individual’s level of mental development relative to others.

   

  Ø  INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ) - a person’s mental age divided by chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100; that is, IQ = MA/CA × 100. (Created by William Stern).

   
• Ø  STANFORD-BINET TESTS 5 - analyze an individual’s response in five content areas: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial reasoning, and working memory. A general composite score also is still obtained.
• Ø  WECHSLER SCALES - developed by psychologist David Wechsler. not only provides an overall IQ score but also yields five composite scores (Verbal Comprehension, Working Memory, Processing Speed, Fluid Reasoning, and Visual Spatial).
• Ø  ROBERT J. STERNBERG - developed the triarchic theory of intelligence, which states that intelligence comes in three forms:
• 1.       ANALYTICAL INTELLIGENCE - which refers to the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.

   

  2.       CREEATIVE INTELLIGENCE - which consists of the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine.

   

  3.       PRACTICAL INTELLIGENCE - which involves the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice.

   
• Ø  VERBAL: The ability to think in words and use language to express meaning.

  -          Occupations: authors, journalists, speakers.

   

  Ø  MATHEMATICAL: The ability to carry out mathematical operations.

  -          Occupations: scientists, engineers, accountants.
• Ø  SPATIAL: The ability to think three-dimensionally.

  -          Occupations: architects, artists, sailors.

   

  Ø  BODILY-KINESTHETIC: The ability to manipulate objects and be physically adept.

  -          Occupations: surgeons, craftspeople, dancers, athletes.
• Ø  MUSICAL: A sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone.

  -          Occupations: composers and musicians.

  
  

  Ø  INTERPERSONAL: The ability to understand and interact effectively with others.

  - Occupations: successful teachers, mental health professionals.
• Ø  INTRAPERSONAL: The ability to understand oneself.

  -          Occupations: theologians, psychologists.

   Ø  NATURALIST: The ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems.

  -          Occupations: farmers, botanists, ecologists, landscapers.
• Ø  INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY - (formerly called mental retardation)

  Ø  ORGANIC INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY - describes a genetic disorder or a lower level of intellectual functioning caused by brain damage. Most people who suffer from organic intellectual disability have IQs between 0 and 50.

   

  Ø  CULTURAL-FAMILIAL INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY - have IQs between 55 and 70. Psychologists suspect that this type of disability often results from growing up in a below average intellectual environment.

   
• • Ø  GIFTEDNESS There have always been people whose abilities and accomplishments outshine those of others—the whiz kid in class, the star athlete, the natural musician.

   

  -          People who are gifted have above-average intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent for something.
• Ø  VOCABULARY GRAMMAR – become more organized and advanced

  Ø  METALINGUISTIC AWARENESS – knowledge about language such as understanding what a preposition is or being able to discuss the sounds of a language.

   
• Ø  READING - who begin elementary school with a robust vocabulary have an advantage when it comes to learning to read.

   

  Ø  WRITING - As they begin to write, children often invent spellings. Parents and teachers should encourage children’s early writing but not be overly concerned about the formation of letters or spelling.