Ethics

• Ethics is derived from the

  Greek word “ethos” which means Moral

  Character.
• Ethics is also called moral philosophy that involves

  systematizing,

  defending, and

  recommending concepts of

  right and wrong behavior;
• ethics is sometimes

  referred to as the study of

  morality.
• Ethics is a subject matter with content. It is a discipline with a body of knowledge
• Ethics is a process of decision-making because it is a thinking skill leading to actions that we

  perform coupled with accountability;
• Ethics refers to well based standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought

  to do in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues.
• Ethics refers to the study and development of one's ethical standards.
• Ethics involves the study and application of “right” conduct
• Feelings frequently deviate from what is

  ethical.
• An entire society can become ethically corrupt. If

  being ethical were doing "whatever society

  accepts," then to find out what is ethical, one

  would have to find out what society accepts.
• The law often incorporates ethical

  standards to which most citizens

  subscribe. But laws, like feelings, can

  deviate from what is ethical.
• What is legal

  is not necessarily ethical; but what is

  ethical is necessarily worth legalizing.
• Moral Actions events are those which require the

  goodness of the object chosen, the

  intention or the end in view, and of the

  circumstances together
• Immoral Actions events are those actions or areas of

  interest where moral categories do apply

  and are considered to be evil, sinful, or

  wrong according to the code of ethics.
• Amoral actions are actions or areas of interest exhibiting indifference.
• Amoral actions these are manifested in the absence of knowledge,

  freedom and voluntariness on the part of the acting

  agent
• Moral Dilemma a situation in ethics where the human person is to

  choose between two possible alternatives and the

  options become limited.
• Moral dilemma happens when we cannot

  make a distinction between what is a good act

  from an evil act.
• Acts of man are bodily actions performed without

  deliberation and in the absence of

  the will.
• Human acts are the fundamental foundation of morality. Acts which are under the control of the

  will and therefore done knowingly and willingly.
• Human Act requires moral responsibility that is derived from a person.
• Ethics is an axiology or praxis because it requires the emphasis on the practical application of ethical ideas
• The three fold elements of Human Acts are knowledge, freedom of the will, and voluntariness
• Knowledge is the awareness or being conscious of one’s

  actions including its possible

  consequences.
• Knowledge provides a framework for

  deliberating about the most appropriate

  technique(s) by which the good can be

  attained.
• Freedom of the Will is the power which human beings have in

  determining their actions according to

  the judgment of their reasons.
• Voluntariness is the act of consenting or accepting a certain action whether it is done whole-heartedly, half-heartedly, or non-heartedly
• The Agapay's Four Mode of Voluntariness is Perfect, Imperfect, Conditional, and Simple.
• Imperfect Voluntariness is seen in a person who acts without the full

  awareness of his action or without fully intending the act.
• Conditional Voluntariness is manifested by a person who is forced by

  his circumstances beyond his control to perform an action which he would not do under

  normal condition.
• Simple Voluntariness is exhibited by a person doing an act willfully

  regardless of whether he likes to do it or not.
• Positive Simple Voluntariness when the act requires the performance of an act.
• Negative Simple Voluntariness when the act does not require the performance of

  an act.
• The three determinants of morality are objects chosen, intention, and circumstance
• Objects Chosen is a good toward which the will

  deliberately directs itself.
• The chosen

  object resides out the acting subject.
• The

  object chosen morally specifies the act of

  the will, insofar as reason recognizes and

  judges it to be or not to be in conformity

  with the true good.
• Intention is a movement of the will

  toward the end. It is

  concerned with the goal of the

  activity. The end is the first

  goal of the intention and

  indicates the purpose pursued

  in the action.
• Circumstance including the consequences, are

  secondary elements of a moral

  act. They contribute to

  increasing or diminishing the

  moral goodness or evil of human

  acts.
• A morally good act therefore requires the goodness of its

  object, of its end, and of its circumstances together.