Renal

• What are the functions of the kidney?

  • Urine formation/waste excretion​
  • Regulates fluid volume​
  • Controls concentrations of electrolytes​
  • Assists in maintaining acid-base balances​
  • Aids in regulation of BP​
  • Controls productions of RBCs in bone marrow​
  • Activates Vitamin D ~ regulate Ca
• What lab value is the best indicator for kidney function?

  serum creatinine
• What are the normal ranges of renal lab values?

  • BUN: N = 10 – 20​
  • Creatinine: N = 0.6 - 1.4​
  • BUN:Creat ratio = 10:1 – 20:1​
  • GFR: N > 90mL/min​
  • Creatinine Clearance (varies based on age/gender) but N = 85 – 135 
• What are the risk factors for polycystic kidney disease?

  Autosomal Genetic Disorder that can develop in childhood or Aduly
• What is polycystic kidney disease?

  cysts develop because of repeated cell division process; this eventually progresses to end-stage renal disease
• What is acute glomerulonephritis?

  inflammation of the glomeruli within the bowman's capsule of kidney
• What are the risk factors for acute glomerulonephritis?

  Strep infection, autoimmune diseases [lupus, good pasture's syndrome, vasculitis]
• What are the risk factors of renal cancer?

  Smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, and family history

  exposure to asbestos or lead
• What are the risk factors for acute kidney injury?

  Pre-renal: dehydration, vascular hypovolemia, hypotension [anything that decreases blood flow]

  Intra-renal: [damage to kidney] = nephrotoxic drugs (aminoglycosides, NSAIDs, IV contrast dye), renal ischemia, AGN

  Post Renal: [obstruction] = BPH, stones, strictures, tumors (prostate), trauma
• What are the risk factors for chronic kidney disease?

  1. Diabetes
  2. Hypertension
  3. Direct Kidney Damage
  4. AKI, PKD, or AGN
  5. Nephrotoxic drugs
  6. Lupus ~ autoimmune
• What is acute kidney injury?

  • acute loss of renal function
  • Azotemia
  • Oliguria (often 1st sign)
• What are some risk factors for acute glomerulonephritis to become chronic?

  • Repeated infections ​
  • Diabetes
  • Hypertension
  • Connective Tissue Disease 
• What is chronic kidney disease?

  Progressive loss of kidney function over time.