a03 s+e

• Longitudinal study

  observed infants and the mothers every month for a year, again after 18 months. Allows for rich in depth data which allows us to see attachment changes in the influence over time provides more valid data than a one of observation or lab study which only provides a snapshot of attachment behaviour in infants
• lack of temporal validity

  sample was from the 1960s, parental care has changed since then.

  Parents are more likely to place their child in the day-care if they both work and no longer likely to have one parent dedicating their time to them.

  rate of employment for women increased from 53% in 1971 percent to 67% in 2013. The findings may not apply to the development of attachment of infants in the modern era due to changing in child rearing practises
• Stages Relies on evidence that is difficult to interpret

  very young babies have poor coordination and generally immobile eg asocial stage. difficult to make judgments about them using observations.

  Observations from early development have been reliant on subjective research interpretation that objectivity may not be valid
• Refuting evidence on when multiple attachments are formed

  Cross cultural research multiple caregivers eg Kibbutz communities different families share child rearing responsibilities.

  for multiple attachment at an early age Schaffer's theory does not take into account such cultures where multiple attachments would be formed far earlier than suggested. Incomplete explanation