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LHRD 3071
Exam 1
Exam 1 Review Questions
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What is the difference between violence and criminal violence?
Criminal
violence attempts to create
harm
against another person, but animal violence etc does not.
Three different ways criminal law is made?
What is
right
and
wrong
Use of
political
and
economic
power to protect their interests
The social construction of violence
What is meant by social construction of violence?
We perceive violence differently as a result from
interactions
with others.
Explain the important of the research on the "razor blade in the apple"
No one says it is
illegal
to put a razor blade in Halloween candy, but it is
not
an appropriate thing to do.
Criminology and criminal justice similarities
Justice refers to the
system
Criminology focuses on the offenders and their
behaviors
What is meant by "clearing" an offense and how does that affect research on offenders?
Clearing means someone is
arrested
and taken to
court
We only know the offenders of the
cleared
cases, not the
unsolved
ones.
Video - crime measurement and limitations of official data
Only crimes reported to the police are in the
system
Video - why we should be cautious when looking at arrest data?
Someone can be
arrested
but that's not the person who
committed
the crime
Social
class is not in data
Video - how perceptions of crime and arrests are influenced by race?
Blacks
are more likely to be perceived as criminals
3.7 times more likely to get arrested
More likely to be
pulled
over for no reason
UCR and NIBRS similarities
They both find similar levels of
violent
crime
Both uses the 4 crimes
Both are run by the
FBI
UCR and NIBRS differences
NIBRS do not use the
hierarchy
rule
The crime categories are
different
between the two
UCR limitations
Reporting is
voluntary
Crime is unfounded if not reported
Using the
hierarchy
rule: the worst crime gets recorded
Administrative issues
NIBRS limitations
Some cities are still working on
transitioning
from old reporting system
UCR limitations of official data?
Based on
police
reports
Only arrest data from part II crimes
Data is reported
monthly
NIBRS limitations on official data
?
NCVS strengths
Captures crimes not known to the police
Victim
,
household
,
offender
characteristics
Provides
incident
details
NCVS weaknesses
Limited
range of crimes
Over-reporting
Social
and
interview
effect could affect answers
Lies are possible
Interviewer cannot go to police after finding out about a crime
What is clearance rate?
Refers to a person being
arrested
What are exceptional clearances?
Identified the
offender
Gathered enough
evidence
to support an arrest
Identified exact
location
of offender
Identified something that made an arrest
impossible
Differences between crude and specific rates?
Crude rates
Total number of
event
divided by mid-year population
Specific rates
Real number
Describe the historical trends of violence in the US as it relates to issues of race.
Native
people's
displacement
Slavery
and
economy
in the South
Civil war
Social banditry
Prohibition
and
organized crimes
Why is it difficult to compare homicide rates over time and across countries? What data are used to make historical?
Limited details
Cultural
and
legal
definition differences
Only data from
developed countries
Relationship between white and natives
Whites
forced
native
people to relocate
Trail of the Tears significance
Getting
native
people land until
gold
was discovered
Then forced out of their land on
foot
Violent nature of slavery
The need for
cheap labor
Slaves were portraid as
animals
Restrictions and fear of
killing
the
white master
Gap between
blacks
and
whites
grew less clear after
Civil war
and
violence
increased
Lynching, where and why?
Race
relations changed
Blacks
wanted to
win
back what they had
lost
in
war
Occurred mostly in the
southern
US
Violence in urban areas?
Higher
rates of report
More
inequalities
with lots of people in the area
Rates are hard to tell because there is no data
Impersonalization of homicide
Homicides back in time were more
personal
and the two people
more
likely knew each other
Why did social banditry become popular?
Most people did not grow wealthy after
industrial revolution
Increase
of gangs because of
young men
trained in
arms
Southern population was left to find their own way after war
Prohibition
Transportation in secret because alcohol was illegal, lots of money involved
Other types of alcohol had to be found (and stolen)
Alcohol consumption declined but deaths increased
Why is the homicide rate in the US so much higher than in other similar countries?
Access to
firearms
More likely to use a
firearm
to harm another person
Video - why were the Indian Nations forced from their lands?
Americans should be able to establish themselves on
Indian
lands
Video - what was the ruling of the Supreme Court?
The Georgia
tribe
was removed by
force
despite their efforts
Video why is the forced march called the Trail of Tears?
Food
provided by the
government
was
rotten
Many people
died
on the
trails
Cold
weather didn't make it easier
Video - what happened at Sand Creek?
Gold
was discovered in that land and white people wanted it
"
Hostile
" Indians were killed by volunteers, no soldiers to spare because of the
Civil war
Video - why does Burns say it so important the plaque reads
massacre
instead of battle?
It was a
massacre
because of
racism
Fought by "federal soldiers" aka volunteers
Video - what were the intended consequences of Prohibition? Were they reached?
Poverty and domestic violence should
decrease
It was said that
alcohol
was the root of problems
A better
social
life was the hope
They were not reached
Video - what were the unintended consequences of Prohibition?
Organized
crime increased - illegal
selling
and
transporting
Increased
consumption
of
illegal
alcohol as well as
increase
in
alcohol
related
deaths
Video - how did prohibition encourage violence?
It encouraged
organized
crimes and
gang
violence
What are the most common demographic characteristics of homicide offenders (e.g., sex, race, and age)?
Men age
18-24
White and black
50
/
50
(?)
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