PHYSIO lec 1

• Mitochondria are responsible for the production of energy in the form of ATP by converting glucose into energy through oxidative phosphorylation

  
• The mitochondrion is composed of four parts: the outer membrane, the inner membrane, the cristae, and the matrix
• The outer membrane of the mitochondrion is a thin layer made up of phospholipids and proteins
• The inner membrane of the mitochondrion, a thicker layer, is responsible for ATP production
• The cristae in the inner membrane increase the surface area, allowing for more ATP production
• The matrix is the space inside the mitochondrion filled with a fluid called the mitochondrial matrix, containing enzymes necessary for ATP production
• Lysosomes are organelles containing enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris, maintaining a low pH through a proton pump

  
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, composed of a large and a small subunit, with the large subunit containing the peptidyl transferase centre and the small subunit containing the decoding centre

  
• The cell membrane is the outer boundary of a cell, made of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward

  
• The cell membrane contains proteins essential for cellular processes like transport, signaling, and adhesion, embedded in the lipid bilayer
• Cholesterol in the cell membrane helps regulate its fluidity, stiffening the membrane and preventing it from becoming too fluid
• The more cholesterol a membrane contains, the less fluid it will be
• Mitochondria are made up of four parts: the outer membrane, the inner membrane, the cristae, and the matrix
• The cristae in the mitochondrion are folds in the inner membrane that increase the surface area for more ATP production
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, consisting of a large and a small subunit, with the large subunit containing the peptidyl transferase centre and the small subunit containing the decoding centre

  
• Microtubules are hollow rods approximately 25 nm in diameter, consisting of 13 longitudinal columns of tubulin dimers that form a helical structure

  
• Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system, with parts including the cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and nodes of Ranvier

  
• The cell membrane is the outer boundary of a cell, made up of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward, containing proteins essential for cellular processes

  
• Cholesterol in the cell membrane helps regulate its fluidity, with more cholesterol making the membrane less fluid
• The inner membrane of the mitochondrion, a thicker layer made up of proteins and lipids, is responsible for the production of ATP
• The cristae in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion are folds that increase the surface area, allowing for more ATP production
• The matrix inside the mitochondrion is filled with a fluid called the mitochondrial matrix, which contains enzymes necessary for ATP production
• Lysosomes are organelles containing enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris, maintaining a low pH to denature proteins and macromolecules for degradation

  
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, made up of a large and small subunit where amino acids are joined together to form a protein

  
• Microtubules are hollow rods consisting of 13 longitudinal columns of tubulin dimers forming a helical structure, providing tracks for transport of substances within the cell

  
• Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system, with parts like the cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and nodes of Ranvier

  
• Centrosomes, near the nucleus, serve as the site of microtubule production
• Centrioles, short cylinders near the nucleus, are made up of 9 bundles of microtubules arranged in a ring
• Cilia and flagella are involved in cellular motility, with cilia being long projections and flagella being short projections
• Microfilaments, made of actin and myosin, provide mechanical support, maintain cell shape, and participate in cellular processes like cytokinesis and muscular contraction
• Cell membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and cholesterol, regulating the entry and exit of molecules and maintaining cell shape
• Cell membrane fluidity is crucial for its function, regulated by cholesterol content and movement of phospholipids
• Cell membrane carbohydrates and proteins play roles in cell recognition, signaling, and maintaining cell shape