Biology 1307

Subdecks (1)

Cards (170)

  • Biological species concept

    If two populations do not interbreed in nature (or fail to produce fertile offspring when they do) they belong to different species
  • Morphological species concept

    All individuals of a species share measurable (quantitative) traits that distinguish them from individuals of other species
  • Limitations of morphological species concept

    • Not always accurate - some closely related species are nearly identical in their appearance
    • Some members of the same species show a great amount of variety
    • Does not reveal evolutionary relationships
  • Phylogenetic species concept

    Species are defined as a cluster of populations that emerge from a shared recent evolutionary history (they share similar genetics)
  • Limitations of phylogenetic species concept

    • It is a new concept
    • Uses both morphological and genetic sequence data
  • Reproductive isolation
    Prevents individuals of different species from mating and producing successful progeny
  • Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

    • Ecological isolation
    • Temporal isolation
    • Behavioral isolation
    • Gametic isolation
    • Mechanical isolation
  • Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

    • Hybrid inviability
    • Hybrid sterility
    • Hybrid breakdown
  • Allopatric speciation

    Occurs when a species separates into two separate groups that are isolated from one another
  • Sympatric speciation

    The process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region; the species become isolated from each due to breeding preferences
  • Humans are not descended from monkeys or any other primate living today however humans share a common ancestor
  • Paraphyletic group
    Includes the most recent common ancestor of the group
  • Monophyletic group

    Includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants (clade)
  • Polyphyletic group
    Does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group
  • Plasmids
    Circular DNA molecules that are found in the cytoplasm, giving the cells a particular advantage that they would otherwise not have
  • Different kinds of plasmids

    • Resistance plasmids
    • Degradative plasmids
    • Col plasmids
    • Virulence plasmids
    • Fertility plasmids
  • Gram positive bacteria

    Cell wall consisting of a thick peptidoglycan layer
  • Gram negative bacteria

    Cell wall consisting of a thin peptidoglycan layer
  • Cyanobacteria were the first organisms to use photosynthesis; critical to the abundant accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere
  • Types of horizontal gene transfer

    • Conjugation
    • Transformation
    • Transduction
  • Three branches of archaea

    • Methanogens
    • Extreme halophytes
    • Extreme thermophiles
  • Six supergroups of protists

    • Excavata
    • Chromalveolata
    • Rhizara
    • Archaeplastida
    • Amoebozoa
    • Opisthokonta
  • Characteristics and diversity of protists

    • Habitat
    • Structure
    • Movement
    • Metabolism
    • Reproduction
  • Cytoplasmic streaming

    The cytoplasm flows through the hyphae, allowing for the transport of food to all parts of the fungus
  • Types of asexual reproduction in fungi

    • Fragmentation of hyphae
    • Budding
    • Asexual Spores
  • Sexual reproduction in fungi

    Takes place when genetically different mating types (+ and -) come together (fuse) resulting in the formation of a diploid (2n) zygote
  • It is believed that all land plants evolved from green algae, specifically Spirogyra
  • The dominant generation in bryophytes is the diploid sporophyte
  • Types of asexual reproduction in fungi

    • Fragmentation of hyphae
    • Budding
    • Asexual Spores
  • Fragmentation of hyphae

    Hyphae breaks away from the mycelium and grow into separate individuals
  • Budding
    As in yeast
  • Yeast
    Single celled fungi
  • Asexual Spores
    Sporangia or conidia (dust)
  • Sexual Reproduction in fungi
    Genetically different mating types (+ and -) come together (fuse) resulting in the formation of a diploid (2n) zygote
  • All land plants evolved from green algae, specifically Spirogyra
  • Algae
    An informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms
  • Bryophytes
    Seedless, nonvascular plants
  • Domains and Kingdoms of bryophytes
    • Domain Eukarya
    • Kingdom Plantae
    • Supergroup: Archaeplastida
  • Alternation of Generations
    The diploid phase and haploid phase
  • Gametophyte generation in bryophytes
    The dominant generation