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practical issues
socio: RM
8 cards
Cards (76)
Primary
data
First hand
data, collected based off
researchers
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Secondary data
Data that already
exists
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Quantitative data
Numerical
data
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Qualitative
data
Depth
data
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Reliability
How valid is the data, how
generalisable
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Validity
How
reliable
the data is
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Representativeness
Probability to
generalise
to
wider
population
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Positivism
Believe it's possible to use
scientific research methods
to establish objective
facts
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Interpretivism
Focus on
subjective
views and
opinions
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Pilot study
Smaller sample of the study conducted to test the
morality
of your research
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Ethical
issues
Concerns that relate to the
morality
of your research
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Triangulation
Mixing of data or methods
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Covert
role
Researcher watched participants without their
knowledge
, may be subject to
Hawthorne effect
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Overt
role
Participants know they are being
watched
by the researcher
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Factors influencing choice of research method
Practical
issues
Requirements of research
funding
Personal
skills
Characteristics
of the subject matter
Research
opportunity
Ethical
issues
Theoretical
issues
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Practical issues
Time
and money - EXPENSIVE TO
research
and can be time consuming
Requirements of research
funding
bodies
Personal
skills and
influence
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Characteristics of the subject matter
Major societal
issues
Sensitive
topics
Controversial
subjects
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Research opportunity
Concept of
opportunity
arising, choices available to the researcher
Behaviour
of selecting participants based on their
availability
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Ethical issues
Informed
consent
Confidentiality
and
privacy
must be protected at all times
Ensuring no
harm
is caused
Vulnerable
groups may be more
susceptible
to experiencing harm
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Theoretical issues
Validity
- does the research reveal a true picture?
Reliability
- would the same results be obtained if the research were repeated?
Representativeness
- ability of the sample to represent the wider population
Methodological
considerations - positivist vs interpretivist perspectives
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Experiment
Three types: lab,
field
,
comparative
method
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Experimental
group
Variable is
changed
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Control group
Nothing
is
changed
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Practical problems with laboratory experiments
Society is
complex
, impossible to control all variables
Small-scale
, can't be used to
generalise
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Ethical problem with lab experiments
Deception
to prevent
demand characteristics
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Hawthorne
Effect
When people know they are being studied, they behave
differently
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Interpretivists criticise
laboratory
experiments because they argue the findings differ from people's
real-life experiences
and behaviours
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Field experiment
Conducted in the
real world
,
no control
over variables
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Criticism of field experiments: Participants are
unaware
of their participation
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Comparative method
Compares
two
similar groups, only
one
variable is different
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Durkheim's
study of suicide used the
comparative
method
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Durkheim's
hypothesis was that
low
levels of social integration caused high rates of suicide
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Durkheim's
prediction that Protestants would have
higher
suicide rates than Catholics was supported by official statistics
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Close-ended questions
Quantitative data, respondents choose from
limited
range of answers
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Open-ended questions
Qualitative
data, respondents can answer
freely
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Practical advantages of questionnaires
Quick and
cheap
to gather
large
amounts of data
Easy to
quantify
data, especially with
close-ended
questions
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Reliability of questionnaires
Repeatable
, no researcher
bias
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Positivists
favour questionnaires
Detached
and
objective
(unbiased)
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Practical problems with questionnaires
Respondents
may not return questionnaires
Limited
and
superficial
data
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Questionnaires often have a
low
response rate, which could be overcome by sending
reminders
and correcting any issues with the questionnaire
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See all 76 cards
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