UNDS - Sociological, Anthropological, and Psychological

• Sociology: study of how human society is formed, its structure, how it functions, how individuals interact with one another, and the impact that they have on one another
• George Herbert Mead: considered the Father of American Pragmatism, and one of the pioneers of the field of Social Psychology
• For Mead, the notion of a person with regards to who they are develops from one's social interaction with other people
• Mead: He reiterated that the process of establishing the self is through the construction and reconstruction of the idea of who we are as a person during the process of social experience
• Mead suggests that there are two components of the self: the "Me" and the "I"
• The "Me" refers to a person's qualities, conduct, and actions that are consistent with those of the generalized people with whom they are engage
• he "I" is the individual's reaction to the attitude of others, as well as the expression of their personality
• Mead: The concept of self may be built on the general attitudes and actions of other people, as well as the person's individuality, which manifests as a response to those attitudes and behaviors
• Mead's Three Role-playing Stages of Self Development: Preparatory Stage, Play Stage, Game Stage
• Preparatory Stage: from birth to 2 years old
• Preparatory Stage: the child simply imitates the actions and behaviors of the people with whom it interacts
• Preparatory Stage: The infant's actions are a reflection of what they can recall, with no meaning behind them.
• Play Stage: 2 to 6 years old
• Play Stage: children begin to interact with others and certain rules apply; these rules frequently do not adhere to any set of standards but rather are rules established by the children themselves
• Play Stage: the child practices real-life situations through pretend play and the onset of self-consciousness. In this stage, the self develops through preliminary experiences that the kid uses as practice
• Game Stage: 6 to 9 years old
• Game Stage: children's capacity to recognize game rules and identify their roles as well as the roles of others who are playing with them
• Game Stage: This teaches youngesters at this time about the consequences of their actions, as well as how to consider the viewpoint of society when behaving and making decisions.
• Anthropology encompasses four main subfields: sociocultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology
• Anthropology: studies human species and its immediate ancestors, focusing on adaptation processes and exploring biological and cultural diversity.
• Cultural Anthropology: Focuses on studying human society and culture, describing, analyzing, interpreting, and explaining social and cultural similarities and differences
• Cultural Anthropology: Utilizes ethnography and ethnology for studying and interpreting cultural diversity, with ethnography based on fieldwork and ethnology based on cross-cultural comparison.
• Archaeological Anthropology: Involves reconstructing, describing, and interpreting human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains such as plant, animal, and ancient garbage.
• Archaeological Anthropology: Provides insights into past human utilization and actions through the analysis of archaeological materials
• Archaeological Anthropology: Examines the development of human societies and technological advancements through archaeological findings
• Biological/Physical Anthropology: Focuses on human evaluation, genetics, growth and development, biological plasticity, and the biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of nonhuman primates
• Biological Anthropology: Studies human biological characteristics and their variations across populations.
• Biological Anthropology: Investigates the relationship between biology, behavior, and culture in human societies
• Biological Anthropology: Explores the impact of environmental factors on human biology and evolution
• Linguistic Anthropology: Studies language in its social and cultural context across space and time. It analyzes universal features of language and evaluates the association between language and culture
• Linguistic Anthropology: Explores how speech changes in different social situations and over time
• Linguistic Anthropology: Investigates the role of language in shaping cultural identity, communication, and social interactions
• Culture refers to customary behaviors and beliefs transmitted through Enculturation, the social process of learning and transmitting culture
• Cultural traditions shape individual actions and societal organization, influenced by economic forces, social patterns, key symbols, and core values
• Cultures adapt and change through the actions of individuals and the influence of external factors.
• Culture is shared, symbolic, natural, learned, integrated, encompassing, and can be both adaptive and maladaptive.
• Csordas (1999) emphasize the embodiment paradigm, considering the human body as the subject of culture rather than an object of study
• Geertz (1973) defines culture as a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms, essential for understanding human knowledge and attitudes towards life.
• Symbols in each culture convey meanings that give significance to actions. Understanding and interpreting these symbols is crucial for comprehending a culture
• Geertz (1973) highlights the importance of interpreting symbols to understand cultural meanings and systems.