goals & branches of philo

• “ All men by nature desire to know. An indication of this is the delight we take in our senses: for even apart from their usefulness they are loved for themselves; and above all others the sense of sight.” is said by whom?

  Aristotle
• Philosophy,

  • Etymologically defined, as the love for wisdom. This definition is commonly misunderstood as many people would take the meaning of knowledge and wisdom interchangeably.
• Philosophy as the Pursuit of Wisdom
• • Several figures in history are considered exceptionally wise, such as Socrates, King Solomon and Confucius. They have one thing in common: their ability to make sound judgments and their knowledge of the fundamental principles of life.
• • Usually, older people have acquired a good sense of reasoning of what is good and true.

  Philosophy as the Pursuit of Wisdom
• What are the 2 forms of wisdom?

  Practical Wisdom and Philosophical Wisdom
• • Marked by the skill in calculation and evaluation of consequences, a capacity to choose the means that would lead to good ends.
  • A form of wisdom which usually attributed to men who have a good sense of judgment, deliberate well, and chooses the right decisions.

  Practical Wisdom
• • To be considered wise, the principles acting as the basis of our judgments and opinions should also be true.
  • Knowing the truth and making the right decision, a person needs good intuition and judgment.
  • This knowledge of true principles is a kind of wisdom that Aristotle calls philosophical or theoretical wisdom.?

  Philosophical Wisdom
• • A philosopher is a lover of wisdom, and to love wisdom is to see its value and realize one’s lack of it.
• • One does not desire something that he/she already possesses, but rather, one desires something they want to possesses.
• • Wise person is aware that he does not possess that wisdom and the truth.
• • Philosopher is considered between being wise and being ignorant.
• • A philosophical question would be a type of question considered as “abnormal,” “atypical,” or “impractical”, in a worldly sense, albeit inspired by wonder, disturbance, and curiosity.
• • The desire to pursue answers to these questions reflects one’s natural desire to understand and make sense of our own life and experience.
• • Asking philosophical questions aims to satisfy our hunger for truth.
• This process does not impose an answer on a person. Instead, it helps one come up with their own answers to the questions.

  Socratic Method
• Socrates challenged the norms, “commonsensical” knowledge, and beliefs of his colleagues and the people in the agora.

  Socratic Method
• • Socrates described himself as a “midwife” in the context of the birth of knowledge.
• • Socratic Method, aims to make a person dissatisfied with what he knows and disturbed with questions that cause them to see the inconsistencies in their own beliefs and make one hungry for genuine understanding.

  Socratic Method
• Comes from the Greek word aisthetikos, which translates to “perception”
• • Branch of philosophy that deals with beauty, art, and the nature of value judgments.

  Aesthetics
• • Also referred to as the philosophy of art.

  Aesthetics
• • Some of the questions under Aesthetics:
  • Is it beautiful?
  • Is our aesthetic judgment subjective?
  • Where do we base our aesthetic judgment?

  Aesthetics
• • Branch of philosophy that deals with being and reality.

  Metaphysics
• • The word “metaphysics” comes from the Greek words meta, which means “after” or “beyond,” and phusika, which refers to “nature.”
• • Roughly translates to “that which is after or beyond physics”

  Metaphysics
• • A person has a desire to understand himself and the world.

  Metaphysics
• • Metaphysics deals with; it is concerned with the reality that transcends the natural world.
• • Metaphysical questions that have been debated for centuries:
  • What is Being?
  • Does God exist?
  • Where does the world come from?
  • Do we have a soul?
  • What happens after we die?

  Metaphysics
• • The word “epistemology” comes from the two Greek words: episteme, meaning knowledge, and logos, which roughly translates to “word” or “reason”.
• • The branch of philosophy that deals with knowledge, its justification, and certitude.

  Epistemology
• • Also concerned with the production and source of knowledge, whether from experiences, reason or intuition.

  Epistemology

  Epistemology
• common questions asked in Epistemology:

  • What is the source of knowledge?
  • Is there such a thing as innate knowledge?
  • How do I know if my belief are justified?
  • How can I attain certitude?
• • The word “logic” comes from the Greek word logos which means “word,” “reason,” “speech,” or “discourse.”
• • Most common questions asked in Logic:
  • Is my argument valid?
  • How do I infer the truth from the universally accepted proposition?
  • Is my reasoning correct?
  • Does it make sense?
• • Deals with our reason for accepting a belief or statement – whether these are true, valid, or justified.

  Logic
• • Branch of philosophy concerned with argumentation – or the avenues by which we express and infer truths.

  Logic
• • Concerned with how people ought to act to live a good life.

  Ethics
• • Deals with the principles of morality, the idea of goodness, and the good life.

  Ethics
• • From the Greek word ethos, meaning “custom” or “habit.”