EDUCATIONAL PSYCH

• Philippine Constitution Section 1, Article XIV imposes upon the state the responsibility to protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels and take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all
• Teaching is complex; multiple measures will be needed to capture effective teaching and provide useful feedback for personnel decisions and professional development
• 21st century learners are critical and innovative thinkers in the fields of science, mathematics, and robotics, as well as artistic and creative
• Role of Time in Research
• Efficacy grows from real success with students, not just from the moral support or cheerleading of professors and colleagues
• Teachers' Sense of Efficacy


  A teacher's belief that he or she can reach even difficult students to help them learn
• Measures of Teaching Effectiveness (MET) Project


  1. Student gains on state tests

  2. Surveys of student perceptions of their teachers

  3. Classroom observations from the Danielson (2013) Framework for Teaching
• Educational psychologists study child and adolescent development, learning and motivation, how people learn different academic subjects such as reading or mathematics, social and cultural influences on learning, teaching and teachers, and assessment including testing
• No Child Left Behind Act of 2010
• Montemayor, M., 2019: '"21st century learners who are not only critical and innovative thinkers in the fields of science, mathematics, and robotics, but who are also artistic and creative, and can thrive in the fields that appeal to our soul and our sense of identity"'
• "No Child Left Behind" Programs in PH

  • Establishment of a school or learning facility
  • Mandatory monitoring of children of compulsory school age
  • Compulsory attendance of children
  • Special circumstances for exemption from compulsory attendance
  • Prohibition on employment of children of compulsory age
• Theories for Teaching


  • Principle: an established relationship between two or more factors, Theory: an interrelated set of concepts used to explain phenomena
• Role of Educational Psychology


  Study of child and adolescent development, learning and motivation, how people learn different academic subjects, social and cultural influences on learning, teaching and teachers, assessment including testing
• Any experience or training that helps you succeed in the day-to-day tasks of teaching will give you a foundation for developing a sense of efficacy in your career
• Neurons


  Specialized nerve cells that accumulate and transmit information in the brain and other parts of the nervous system
• Synaptic Plasticity


  Connections between neurons become stronger with use or practice and weaker when not used
• Maturation


  Changes that occur naturally and spontaneously and are genetically programmed
• Experience-expectant synapses are overproduced in certain parts of the brain during specific developmental stages
• Aspects of human development


  • Physical development
  • Personal development
  • Social development
  • Cognitive development
• Neurogenesis - the production of new neurons continues into adulthood, especially in the hippocampus region
• Myelination


  The coating of axon neuron fibers with an insulating fatty glial covering that influences thinking and learning, making message transmission faster and more efficient
• Synapses


  Tiny spaces between axons and dendrites where neurons share information using electrical signals and releasing chemicals
• Development in its most general psychological sense refers to certain changes that occur in human beings (or animals) between conception and death
• Brain and Cognitive Development


  • Cerebellum coordinates and orchestrates balance and smooth, skilled movements
  • Hippocampus is critical in recalling new information and recent experiences
  • Amygdala directs emotions
  • Thalamus is involved in our ability to learn new information, particularly if it is verbal
• Axons and dendrites

  Axons send messages and dendrites receive messages
• Glial Cells


  White matter of the brain that greatly outnumber neurons and have various functions such as fighting infections, controlling blood flow, and providing the myelin coating around axon fibers
• Right Hemisphere


  Figuring out the meaning of a story
• Developing Brain: Cerebral Cortex


  1. Physical Motor Cortex

  2. Complex Senses (vision & hearing)

  3. Frontal lobe (higher order thinking)

  4. Temporal Lobe (emotion, language, & judgement develops until high school years or later

  5. Lateralization, or the specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain
• Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development


  1. 4 factors that interact to influence changes in thinking

  2. Maturation - the unfolding of biological changes that are genetically programmed

  3. Activity - increasing ability to act on the environment and learn from it

  4. Social Transmission - learning from others

  5. Equilibration - searching for a balance, changes in thinking take place through this process
• Assimilation


  Using existing schemes to make sense of events
• Adolescent Development and the Brain: '“high horse power, poor steering”'
• Left Hemisphere


  Understanding grammar and syntax
• Left Hemisphere


  Major factor in language processing
• Basic Tendencies in Thinking


  • Organization - combining, arranging, recombining, and rearranging behaviors and thoughts into coherent systems
  • Adaptation - tendency to adapt to the environment
• Limbic System


  Involved with emotions and reward seeking/novelty/risk-taking/sensation-seeking behaviors
• Accommodation


  Changing existing schemes to respond to a new situation
• Right Hemisphere


  Handles spatial-visual information and emotions (nonverbal information)
• Adolescent Development and the Brain


  Changes in the brain increase individuals’ abilities to control their behavior, be more purposeful and organized, and inhibit impulsive behavior
• Prefrontal Lobe


  Takes more time to develop, involved with judgment and decision making
• Developing Brain: Neurons


  1. Kinds of Overproduction and Pruning

  2. experience-expectant - synapses are overproduced in certain parts of the brain during specific developmental periods, awaiting stimulation.

  3. experience-dependent - synaptic connections are formed based on the individual’s experiences, new synapses are formed in response to neural activity in localized areas of the brain