Biology

• Plants are multicellular organisms
• Major plant tissues

  • Surface tissue (Dermal tissue) - consists of epidermis which protects the parts of plants like roots, leaves, and stems. - Contains trichomes for absorption, nutrition, and protection against herbivores. - Also consists of periderm which replaces the epidermis when increased in size, forming a tissue known as cork with walls covered in suberin for waterproofing. 2. Fundamental tissue (Ground tissue) - consists primarily of masses of thin-walled cells for support in stems, roots, and leaves, for photosynthesis, and storage of water and carbohydrates. - Consists of parenchyma tissues, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. 3. Vascular tissue - consists of more than one kind of cells specialized for the longer transport of water and dissolved solutes (minerals and carbohydrates). - Has 2 types: (1) Xylem - transports water and dissolved minerals absorbed from the soil; (2) Phloem - transports food (organic materials)
• Types of leaves

  • Simple leaf - has only one blade in a stalk or petiole. 2. Compound leaf - when the blade is divided into several sections
• Classifications of leaf venations

  • Parallel venation 2. Reticulated venation
• Vascular plants are those plants which have specialised vascular tissues for the transport of water, minerals, and food
• End of the lesson

  Students are expected to: a. Describe the three major tissues in body parts of plants and state their functions, b. Determine how plants are organized into leaves, stems, roots, and c. Explain the relevance and importance of plants in our daily life
• Leaf venations refer to the arrangement of veins in the blade of a leaf
• Photosynthesis is the site of food production which occurs in the leaf of the plant
• Internal structure of plants is more complex
• Types of plant tissues

  • Meristematic tissue - has immature cells located at the tips of roots and stems, responsible for the growth and enlargement of roots and stems. 2. Permanent tissue - developed from newly produced meristematic tissues, acts as a protective covering of the plant's exposed surface
• Phyllotaxy is the arrangement of leaves in plants
• Types of leaf

  • Tendrils - aid in climbing and support of vines to wrap around or hook a support. Spines - have sharp and pointed leaves with an axillary bud above, for protection from large herbivores. Bracts (floral leaves) - attract pollinators or protect plant structures. Reproductive leaves
• Types of leaf

  • tendrils - aid in climbing and support of vines to wrap around or to hook a support
  • spines - have sharp and pointed leaves, with an axillary bud above, for protection from large herbivores
  • bracts (floral leaves) - attract pollinators or protect plant structures
  • reproductive leaves - asexual plantlets produced on leaves
  • storage leaves - have special leaves that hold extra food
  • insect-capturing leaves - carnivorous plants
• Classifications of leaf venations

  • parallel venation
  • reticulated venation
• Types of Stem

  • stolons/runners - horizontal and above-ground stem, spreading growth and asexual reproduction
  • tubers - enlarged underground stem, food storage
  • rhizomes - long and underground stem, food storage
  • bulbs - thickened bases and leaves, food storage in leafy scale
  • corms - vertical, thick, and short underground stem
  • succulent - fleshy, often leafless stem
• Stem


  • Parts of a typical stem
• Types of Root

  • STORAGE ROOTS (FOOD & WATER) - grow underground as protection from plant-eating animals
  • Aerial Roots - roots which are not covered by soil, help the tree remain upright in shifting sand and water conditions
  • Adventitious Roots - originate from plant organs (stem, leaves, and fruits) other than the roots
  • Propagative Roots - roots that form from adventitious buds and develop into above-ground roots and shoots
  • contractile - pulled further down into the soil to continue growing
  • photosynthetic roots - roots that are flat and green (with chloroplasts) serving as swamps to get enough oxygen
  • pneumatophores - roots for breathing that grow in wet areas such as swamps to get enough oxygen
  • buttress roots - wall-like extensions that keep the wind from hitting them and support, prevent the tree from falling over while gathering nutrients
• Roots

  • TWO MAIN TYPES OF ROOTS SYSTEM: TAPROOT SYSTEM, FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM
• Non-vascular plants

  Plants that have no vessels or internal system for conducting water and nutrients; called bryophytes
• Vascular plants

  • Pine trees
• Angiosperms

  Seed is enclosed inside a fruit; produce flowers and true seed-bearing plants; can be monocot or dicot
• Flowering plant life cycle

  Germination, growth, flowering, seed formation, seed dispersal
• Pollination

  The process by which pollen grains are transferred from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the pistil
• Vascular plants

  Plants that have vessels or an internal system for conducting water and nutrients; have roots, leaves, stems, and flowers; called tracheophytes
• Plants

  Eukaryotes that are many-celled and most contain green pigment chlorophyll
• Categories of vascular seed plants

  • Gymnosperm
  • Angiosperms
• Ways of pollination

  • Self-pollination
  • Cross-pollination
• Sexual reproduction requires gametes for fertilization to occur; asexual reproduction does not need the fertilization or union of two gametes
• Parts of a flower (reproduction)

  Stamen, anther, filament, pistil, stigma, style/stalk, ovary, ovules, sepals, calyx, petals
• Types of plants

  • Vascular plants
  • Non-vascular plants
• Gymnosperm

  Produce seeds on the scale of female cones; seeds are not protected by fruit; adapted for reproduction on dry land; have no flowers and large plants
• Vascular plants reproduction

  Reproduce by means of sperm developed within pollen grains that are dispersed by the wind
• Plant reproduction

  Two ways: sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction
• Corolla

  Made up of the flower's petals and provides a surface for insect pollinators to rest on while feeding