Reproduction Of Animals

• Ways animals reproduce

  • Sexually
  • Asexually (parthenogenesis, budding, fragmentation)
• Post-fertilization development

  1. Embryos form

  2. Organ systems organize

  3. Undergo incomplete/complete metamorphosis
• Reproduction

  A cellular process by which an organism produces others of same kind. It has something to do with cell division.
• Clone

  An offspring produced asexually
• Types of asexual reproduction

  • Fission
  • Fragmentation and Regeneration
  • Budding
  • Parthenogenesis
• Asexual reproduction

  • Doesn't require gamete union
  • Produces offspring with identical DNA
  • Parent divides into multiple individuals
  • New individuals can arise as buds from parent's body
• Fission

  The division of organism into two equal parts (binary fission) or more individuals
• Organisms that reproduce asexually by fission

  • Bacterial cells
  • Planaria (flatworms)
• Fragmentation and Regeneration

  When an organism breaks into two parts or fragments, both parts regenerate to form a whole
• Organisms that reproduce asexually by fragmentation and regeneration

  • Sea stars (starfish)
  • Sponges
• Budding


  A new organism grows the body of the parent organism
• Organisms that reproduce asexually by budding

  • Hydra
  • Jellyfish
  • Corals
• Parthenogenesis


  A type of asexual reproduction which requires an egg to develop into new organism w/o undergoing fertilization
• Organisms that reproduce asexually by parthenogenesis

  • Rotifers
  • Parasitic insects
  • Bees
• Sexual reproduction

  An organism reproduced by means of gametes
• Fertilization

  The joining of the egg and sperm cells
• Zygote


  The cell that forms from fertilization
• Gonads

  Gametes are developed in sex organs
• Monoecious


  Organisms that both male and female sex organs are present in same individual, commonly known as hermaphrodites
• Male reproductive organs

  • Testis/Testicle
  • Scrotum
  • Penis
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Urethra
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral gland
• Testis/Testicle

  Contains seminiferous tubules where sperm cells are produced. Also creates testosterone.
• Scrotum

  Sac (loose pouch-like) of skin which contains the testis
• Penis


  Deposits semen (mixture of sperm and fluid) into the vagina during mating or sexual intercourse
• Epididymis


  Transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes
• Vas deferens

  Transports mature sperm to the urethra
• Urethra


  Carries semen out of the penis by ejaculation during orgasm
• Seminal vesicles


  Produce fluid that is rich in sugars which nourish the sperm cells
• Prostate gland


  Secretes an alkaline fluid that will counteract the acids produced by the female reproductive tract
• Bulbourethral gland


  Secretes also an alkaline fluid that is added to the mixture
• Female reproductive organs

  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Uterus
  • Cervix
  • Vagina
  • External genitalia
• Ovaries


  The primary female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs (ova) and hormones like estrogen and progesterone
• Fallopian tubes


  Also known as oviducts, these are thin tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. They serve as the passageway for eggs to travel from the ovaries to the uterus.
• Uterus


  Commonly referred to as the womb, the uterus is a muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus during pregnancy.
• Cervix


  The lower part of the uterus that connects it to the vagina. The cervix produces mucus that changes in consistency throughout the menstrual cycle to facilitate or prevent the passage of sperm into the uterus.
• Vagina


  This is the muscular canal that connects the uterus to the outside of the body. It serves as the birth canal during childbirth and also allows menstrual flow to exit the body.
• External genitalia

  Collectively known as the vulva, the external genitalia include the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vaginal opening.