South Africa

• (1948-55) Establishing Apartheid

  (1955-78) Development of Apartheid and growing resistance

  (1978-89) Collapse of Apartheid

  (1989-99) New South Africa
• Daniel Malan: 1948-54 - Initial implementation of apartheid through successive acts (largely practical)
• Johannes Strijdom: 1954-58 - Tougher apartheid, removed vote from coloureds (1955), and harsh action against anti-pass demos
• Hendrik Verwoerd: 1958-66 - Move towards idealist apartheid 'second phase' - increased government control to combat increased opposition to apartheid
• John Vorster: 1966-78 - Continued Verwoerd’s policies of Grand Apartheid with a bit of softening due to international pressure