DRRR (hazard VOLCANOE)

• Volcanoes


  openings in Earth's crust that allows the energy from the interior of Earth to escape to the surface.
• The energy in the magma (composed of molten rocks from Earth's mantle) that goes out are in the form of lava, ash, and gas.
• There are volcanoes because

  Earth's crust is broken up into tectonic plates.
• Most volcanoes are found on the

  edges of plates where one plate connects to another.
• Most of the islands in the Philippines are

  volcanic in origin.
• Philippines is located near the

  Pacific Ring of Fire, and that the Philippine Plate's western edge (Philippine Fault System) runs from the north all the way to the south of the country.
• Given another fact that the plate edge can branch out to several

  smaller faults and fissures, these cracks and openings are where volcanoes have formed.
• PHIVOLCS

  Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
• According to PHIVOLCS, there are more than

  20 historically active volcanoes in the country that were active in the last 600 years.
• Volcanic hazards are


  volcano-related phenomena that pose potential threat or negative impact to life, property, and the environment in a given period of time.
• This is an Indonesian term for the mixture of water.

  Lahar
• pyroclastic materials, and rock fragments flowing down a volcano or river valley.

  Lahar
• When lahar flows from a volcano, it is highly destructive to anything in its path.
• Lahar is powerful enough to remove or carry away trees, boulders, and logs. Buildings, houses, and other structures can be partially or completely buried by the turbulent flow of lahar.
• volcano's sticky mud

  lahar
• The provinces of --- have experienced lahar

  flow during the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991.

  Tarlac, Zambales, and Pampanga
• This is composed of bits and pieces of pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic glass generated from the volcanic eruption.

  Ash fall
• Ash fall. These fragments measure

  Less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter.
• usually spewed out from explosive eruptions when dissolved gases in magma expand and go out violently into the atmosphere.

  Volcanic ash
• The impact from the released gas shatters the magma and is


  forced out into the atmosphere where it hardens into fragments of volcanic rock and glass.
• Sometimes, --- are formed especially when the atmosphere is humid and dry.

  ash clouds
• When ash clouds are formed, they can travel farther and cover a larger radius.
• Sometimes, --- is affected as the clouds block the sunlight in the affected region.

  local climate
• Depending on the density and amount of the ash clouds, the change in local climate may last longer.
• The most common health risk associated with ash fall is---. Dehydration, starvation, and poisoning, on the other hand, are among the health problems of animals exposed to ash fall.


  respiratory diseases related to asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema.
• This refers to the fast-moving fluidized mass of rock fragments and gases. When pyroclastic flow travels down a volcano, it maintains a very high temperature. burning everything in its path.


  Pyroclastic flow
• Mt. Pinatubo eruption in 1991, some pyroclastic flows had temperatures of about 750°C. Such high temperatures instantly burn man-made structures and vegetation.
• can easily incinerate. burn, and suffocate humans and animals.

  Pyroclastic flow
• The gases that come with the pyroclastic flow can explode and may even cause .

  acid rain
• Like lahar, the threat of pyroclastic flows is far reaching. They can travel to long distances, thus producing greater hazards.
• This is a rock fragment that is ejected from a

  volcano during its explosive eruption.

  Ballistic projectile
• It is like a cannonball that travels fast in the air.

  Ballistic projectile
• According to USGS, volcanic projectiles can be

  bombs and blocks
• If the projectile or rock fragment is solid when ejected, it is considered a 


  block
• But, if it is launched in a partially molten or molten state, it is a 


  bomb
• The impact of projectiles poses a serious hazard to humans, plants and animals, and properties. Ballistic projectiles can travel as far as 5 km or even further, depending on the magnitude of explosion.
• This consists of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, which are poisonous and hazardous to organisms.


  Volcanic gas
• These are the main constituents of the magma that is spewed out during an eruption.

  Volcanic gas
• The excessive composition of these chemicals in the air can cause acid rain.

  Volcanic gas
• Plants, buildings, and other structures that are exposed to acid rain are prone to corrosion.