Chapter 18-20

• Roosevelt claimed the U.S. had the right to exercise “international police power” in the Western Hemisphere
• While shaking hands with supporters at the Pan-American Exposition, President William McKinley was shot by an anarchist, Leon Czolgosz, and died 8 days later
• The Panama Canal Zone was constructed to benefit the U.S. Navy and commercial ships
• Roosevelt sent U.S. troops to Dominican Republic in 1904 to seize customs houses to ensure payment of debts and American bankers took control of Dominican finances
• Roosevelt's Square Deal focused on control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources
• Pres. William McKinley attended the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, NY


  September 1901
• Roosevelt used Trust Busting to break up monopolies and trusts that did not serve the public interest
• Roosevelt worked on conservation of natural resources, setting aside federal land and establishing the U.S. Forest Service
• In the Election of 1908, Roosevelt endorsed William Taft, who won against William Jennings Bryan
• Theodore Roosevelt: '“Speak softly and carry a big stick”'
• Roosevelt sent U.S. troops to Cuba in 1906 to oversee a disputed election, and the troops stayed until 1909
• Imperialist nations from Europe and Japan claimed exclusive trade privileges in areas of China

  late-1890s
• Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901
• Roosevelt supported Philippe Bunau-Varilla of the Panama Canal Company with gunboats to rebel against the Colombian government, leading to Panama's independence from Colombia
• Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” encouraged U.S. investments in Latin America and East Asia to improve diplomatic relations
• Roosevelt supported more direct federal regulation of the economy, leading to the creation of the Dept. of Commerce and Labor and stronger regulations like the Hepburn Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, and Meat Inspection Act
• U.S. Secretary of State John Hay proposed the “Open Door Policy” in 1899 to protect the rights of all countries to trade equally with China
• Taft continued Trust Busting and used federal government power to regulate industries, prosecuting companies like Standard Oil and the American Tobacco Company
• Roosevelt encouraged American corporations, like the United Fruit Company, to invest in banana plantations in Honduras and Costa Rica
• The 48-mile long Panama Canal took 10 years to finish, cost $375 million, and over 5,609 workers lost their lives during construction
• Muckraking was used to expose the “underside” of American life, with works like The Jungle (1906) revealing the horrors of the meat-packing industry
• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904) was issued by Theodore Roosevelt
• Taft’s Domestic Policy continued Trust Busting, prosecuting nearly twice as many companies as T.R.
• Taft continued Conservation by setting up Bureau of Mines, federal oil lands, & forest reserves in the Appalachian Mountains
• Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive Party) ran on the New Nationalism platform in the Election of 1912
• Troops occupied Nicaragua


  1912 to 1933
• Taft's Domestic Policy continued to use federal government power to regulate industries
• William Howard Taft (Republican) ran for the Election of 1912
• 16th amendment - graduated income tax


  1913
• Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) ran on the New Freedom platform in the Election of 1912
• Mann-Elkins Act (1910)


  ICC oversaw telephone and telegraph companies
• Clayton Act of 1914


  Exempted labor unions from antitrust laws and protected the right to strike
• Over 13 million immigrants arrived from 1901-1914, many recruited to work in mines, factories, or farms
• Mexican military commander Victoriano Huerta assassinated Madero, sparking a civil war in 1913
• Pres. Wilson believed it was the duty of the United States to spread democracy and “American principles” through exporting American manufactured goods and making investments
• Pres. Wilson sent troops to Haiti (1915) and the Dominican Republic (1916) to control finances and seize customs collections
• Federal Trade Commission (1914)


  Investigated and prohibited “unfair” business activities
• Angel Island was an immigration processing center in SF Bay, mostly for Japanese immigration
• The Progressive Era was a period from about 1897-1920 in which individuals and groups pushed for significant social and political change to improve American life
• Francisco “Pancho” Villa led a raid into Columbus, New Mexico in 1916, resulting in the deaths of 17 Americans