Bio md3

• What are the differences and similarities between EMF and AMF?

  • Ectomycorrhizal fungus: form sheaths around roots, between root cells, dense hyphae, penetrates decaying material, releases peptidases
  • arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus: contact plasma membranes of root cells, penetrate cell wall, increases surface area for exchange of molecules between fungus and host
  • similarities: hyphae extend outward to soil, hyphae extend inward
• Which the following types of fungi have no heterokaryotic phase in their life cycle?

  Chytrids
• What pair of fungi form a monophyletic group?

  basidiomycetes and ascomycetes
• What fungi form a paraphyletic group?

  Chytrids and zygomycetes
• How do fungi interact with the ecosystems they inhabit?

  • They are important decomposers that speed up the carbon cycle, especially for plant compounds like lignin and cellulose
  • They are important symbionts, especially in mutualisms with plant roots
• What is not a synapomorphy of animal phyla?

  muscles
• What are synapomorphies of animal phyla?

  heterotrophs, move under their own power at some point in their life cycle, multicellular
• What isn't a feature of bilaterian animals differentiating them from other animals?

  they have the property of being divisible into symmetrical pieces across multiple planes of symmetry situated around a central axis

  diploblasts
• What is a feature of bilaterian animals differentiating them from other animals?

  • exhibit cephalization
  • property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of only a single plane (bilateral symmetry)
  • triploblasts
• What is true about the evolution of animal phyla and animal body plans?

  The majority of animal body plans and phyla evolved over a comparatively short timespan in the Cambrian period around 540 million years ago in an event paleontologists call the Cambrian Explosion
• What feature is most likely to be present in a segmented worm (lophotrochozoan) and absent in a round worm (ecdysozoan)?

  spiral cleavage during development
• What features are common to ecdysozoans?

  waxy cuticle, intermittent growth with molting
• What is unique to mollusks?

  radula
• What features are synapomorphies of deuterostomes?

  embryo's first opening develops into the anus, possess pharyngeal slits or pouches
• What features are in echinoderms?

  possess tube feet and a water vascular system and endoskeletons
• What are chordate synapomorphies?

  dorsal hollow nerve cord that runs the length of body (neurons), muscular post-anal tail, stiff and supportive but flexible rod (notochord) as long as the body
• What is not found in the common ancestor of all fish?

  lobed fins, limbs
• What is found in the common ancestor of all fish?

  lungs, amniotic eggs, bones
• What is true for ALL animals?

  possess lactation, hair and fur
• What features are synapomorphies of primates?

  forward-facing eyes, grasping hands
• What is not an advantage of viviparity and the placenta?

  offspring and parents specialize on different food, reducing competition
• What is an advantage of viviparity and the placenta?

  offspring develop at favorable temperature, portable, and protected
• What geographic patterns is the dominant pattern in human origins?

  humans developed mostly in Africa and migrated outward from there