Elizabethan england

• Causes of the Revolt of the Northern Earls

  Religious - many were Catholic

  
  

  Power - disliked the Privy Council and loss of powers in the North

  
  

  Economic - Northumberland had lost some lands and copper mines
• Key features of the rebellion

  Northunberland and Westmoreland called their men together and formed an army

  
  

  They wanted Norfolk to marry Mary Queen of Scots

  
  

  Took Durham Cathedral and celebrated Catholic Mass

  
  

  Tried to march further South but other nobles did not support them

  
  

  Northumberland fled to Sctland, was handed over and beheaded

  
  

  Westmoreland escaped to France

  
  

  Pope excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570
• Reasons for failure of the rebellion

  Spanish did not arrive at Hartlepool

  
  

  Catholic nobles of Cherhire and Lancashire did not support them

  
  

  Army under Earl of Sussex assembled 10,000 men which scared the plotters
• Outcome of each plot

  Ridolfi 1571 - Ridolfi escaped, Norfolk was executed, suspicion of Catholics increased, fears of invasion from the Netherlands increased

  
  

  Throckmorton 1583 - Throckmorton was executed, 2 nobles were imprisoned and Henry Percy took his own life, 11,000 Catholics were imprisoned or put under surveillance

  
  

  Babbington - Babbington was hanged, drawn and quartered, Mary was put on trial
• Work of Walsingham

  Intercepting coded letters

  
  

  Employing spies and agents

  
  

  Interrogation and torture
• Reasons for Mary's execution 1587

  Letters were discovered linking her to the Babbington Plot - BUT she denied any involvement

  
  

  As long as Mary was around there would be more plots BUT her execution angered Philip II

  
  

  Privy Council saw her as a source of danger BUT Elizabeth was very reluctant to execute her
• Examples of rivalry with Spain in the New World:

  English tried to trade goods and English cloth with Spanish colonialists but this was illegal

  
  

  English Privateers attacked Spanish ships and stole their gold (eg Drake's attack on the Cacafuego during his circumnavigation of the globe)

  
  

  Hawkins illegally took part in the slave trade selling slaves to Spanish colonies
• What threats did Elizabeth face at the start of the 1570s?

  Religion

  Spain

  Mary queen of Scots

  The Dutch revolt