Female tract

• Broad Ligament 


  Extensive double layer membrane that encloses ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus
• Ovarian ligament 


  Extends from lateral wall of uterus to medial ovary surface
• Suspensory ligament

  Extends from lateral wall of ovaries to pelvic wall
• Ovary 


  Single layer of cuboidal epithelium overlying tunica albuginea
• Uterus shape

  small and pear shaped weighing 20-40 g
• Uterus function

  Protection, nutrition and removing waste from embryo
• Uterus stability

  By the broad ligament, uterosacral (uterus - sacrum), Round ligament (extends anteriorly through inguinal canal) and lateral (cardinal which extends to lateral wall of pelvis)
• The fundus is superiorly placed to the uterus compared to the cervix which is in an inferior location
• Uterus is made of 3 layers :

  Peritoneum, Myometrium and Endometrium
• Myometrium 


  A muscle that helps in contractions to get baby out of vagina or sperm into egg
• Endometrium layers and function

  • Contains glands and vessels to support fetus
  • Is divided into a basal layer (contains endometrial glands)
  • Functional zone (where most uterine glands are made of simple epithelium )
• Another name for the Endometrium

  Decidua
• Decidual reaction 


  A reaction that develops an environment in the uterus for the embryo to develop
• What happens in the decidual reaction ?

  • stroma of endometrium becomes oedumatous (watery)
  • Fibroblasts expand and fill with glycogen
• What impacts the decidual reaction

  Receptivity of the endometrium which is dependent on the adhesion molecules interacting with the trophectoderm on the blastocyst ( cell developing ) and possible appearance of pinopoid.
• What is the endometriums' blood supply is supposed to be like ?

  That it is tonically active

  It is is made of arcuate arteris and spinal arteries
• during menses spinal arteries get lost and to prevent blood drainage the arteries undergo spasm (contractions), and since the arteries grow very rapidly they get their coiled like shape.
• Infudibulum

  closest to to ovary with fimbria with cilia to middle segment
• Ampulla 


  increase thickness in smooth layer where fertilisation usually occurs.
• Isthmus

  continuous with intramural portion of uterus
• Fallopian tube structure

  ciliated and non-cilliated columnar cells with mucosa layered with smooth muscle
• Movement in fallopian tube are :

  made of ciliary movements and peristaltic contractions.
• Cervix

  has an endocervical continuous with the uterus made of layer columnar epithelium
• Cervix has

  The endo and ecto cervix leading to vagina made of stratified squamous epithelium and both meet at a junctional zone.
• The cervix functions to secrete mucus to permit sperm in for fertilization and prevent sperm in when not fertile. It also prevents infections, retain fetus and thins and dilates to allow fetus out.
• Vagina

  An elastic tube extending from cervix to vestibule
• Its function

  to have a passageway for menstrual fluids, intercourse and birth.
• Vagina structure

  Made of smooth muscle, moistened by cervical glands and lined by stratified squamous epithelium
• Placenta

  Functions to do blood,gas,heat and antibody exchange along with secretions, immunological separation between mom and baby functions
• Cycle of a growing placenta to pregnancy

  why

  A)

  B)

  C)

  D)

  E)

  F)

  
• Umbilical cord

  formed from yolk sac + allantois and has 2 arteries with 1 vein and covered by Wharton's jelly to protect cord from coiling
• The definitive human placenta

  Discoid , Haemochorial, Invasive, Decidual and villous
• Anchoring villi 


  cytotrophoblast break through sync-tio-trophoblast and stream out with maternal tissue to decidua and spiral arteries during 1st and second trimesters
• Floating villi

  Most dont have maternal contact and are in the intervillous space for exchange
• Implantations under the decidua is basalis, over the decidua is capsularis and around the decidua is peritalis.
• first trimester : conception until 12 weeks

  second trimester : 13 weeks until 24 weeks

  Third trimester : 25 weeks until term (36-40)