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• Cultural patterns are c
• The International Bureau of Social Tourism (BITS) was organized in 1963 to encourage the development of social tourism on an international scale
• Travel increases sociability and helps develop friendships
• An understanding of the host culture is necessary to avoid culture shock for the tourist
• Basic travel motivators

  • Physical motivators
  • Cultural motivators
  • Interpersonal motivators
  • Status and prestige motivators
• Types of travelers based on travel purpose

  • Business travelers
  • Pleasure/personal travelers
• Part of the marketing task is to make people aware of their needs and present them with an objective, the purchase or attainment of which will help satisfy that need
• Push/pull model of travel motivation

  • Push - personal needs
  • Pull - attractions
• Culture


  A set of beliefs, values, attitudes, habits, and forms of behavior that are shared by a society and transmitted from one generation to another
• Socioeconomic variables affecting travel

  • Age
  • Income
  • Social status
  • Education
  • Life stages of family
• Travel constraints

  • Lack of money
  • Lack of time
  • Lack of safety and security
  • Physical disability
  • Family commitments
  • Lack of interest in travel
  • Fears of travel
• A knowledge of a country's culture is important to understand how individuals in that country will behave
• Push/pull model of travel motivation

  Closely related to the concept of hierarchy of needs as described by Abraham Maslow
• Man's desire to travel is due to his social nature
• An individual learns of the alternative ways of satisfying his or her needs from personal experiences and from information gained from the commercial or social environment
• Preferences of international tourists

  • Relaxation versus activity
  • Familiarity versus novelty
  • Dependence versus autonomy
  • Order versus disorder
• Tourist motivations


  • Need for escape or change
  • Travel for health
  • Sports
  • Social contact
  • Status and prestige
  • Education
  • Personal values
  • Cultural experience
  • Shopping and bargain hunting
  • Professional and business motives
  • Search for natural beauty
• Types of travelers based on personality

  • Psychocentrics
  • Allocentrics
• Social tourism is a subsidized system of travel through the intervention of the government, employer, or labor union to achieve social goals
• Types of tourist roles

  • Organized mass tourist
  • Individual mass tourist
  • Explorer
  • Drifter
• Decision criteria

  Guidelines used by the individual to select among alternatives
• Tourism is concerned with moving mere intercontact between people in different geographical locations
• Study of tourist motivations

  They fit into Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
• Conflict between host and guest depends on the similarity in their standards of living and the extent to which tourists adapt to local standards
• Travel is a means to satisfy a need and want
• Cultural factors with tourist appeal within a country

  • Art, music and dance, handicraft, industry and business, agriculture, education, literature and language, science, government, religion, food and drink, history
• The improvement in transportation encouraged the desire to travel
• Cultural tourism covers all aspects of travel in which people learn about each other's way of life
• Factors influencing the mode of transportation chosen

  • Cost, time spent in traveling, safety, convenience, comfort, availability, frequency of trips, ground services, terminal facilities and location, status and prestige, departure and arrival times
• Developments in transportation had a very powerful effect on tourism
• Introduction of jet airplanes led to the decline in the use of ships as a scheduled passenger transportation mode
• Fast and efficient means of transportation can bring travelers to any place in the world
• Travel by ship became prominent in the middle of the 19th century
• A knowledge of a country's culture is important in order to understand how individuals in that country will behave
• According to Sheth's theory, travelers choose a travel mode based on their psychological weighing of five factors: functional, aesthetic/emotional, social/organization, situational, curiosity
• Cultural patterns are changed by both internal and external forces
• Introduction of the automobile resulted in the decline of the popularity of the train in several developed countries
• Since the beginning of history, there has been some form of lodging industry
• In some cases, hotels may lease the hotel from the owner and manage it
• Special arrangements in hotel operations include franchising and management contracts