PORG

• Organic Compounds Characteristics

  • Do not dissolve in water, dissolve in organic solvents like ether, alcohol, benzene, and chloroform, have low melting points and boiling points, decompose through heating, flammable
• Inorganic Compounds Characteristics

  • Usually dissolve in water, do not dissolve in organic solvents, have high melting points and boiling points, do not decompose through heating, non-flammable
• Organic Chemistry

  • Study of carbon and carbon-related compounds
  • The name “organic chemistry” comes from the word “organism” because most organic compounds were isolated or obtained from organisms or their remains
  • Usually deals with 16 million organic compounds
  • Alcohol and acetic acid are examples of organic compounds (which easily volatilize) that are readily dissolved in water due to polarity
• Organic Compounds Found on Living Things

  • Sugar
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
• Introduction: Structure and Bonding
• FRIEDRICH WOHLER, in 1828, a German chemist, disproved the “Vitalism Theory” by isolating urea from an inorganic compound, ammonium cyanate
• Uniqueness of Carbon

  • Tetravalency - Carbon is able to form 4 covalent bonds with other carbon or other elements, Catenation - Carbon atoms link together to form chains of varying length, branched chains, and rings of different sizes
• Organic compounds


  Contain covalent bonds
• History
• Electrolyte - ability to conduct electricity and the ones that dissociate in a solution
• JONS JACOB BERZELIUS divided chemistry into 2 categories: A.) Organic - living organisms burned/churned when heated B.) Inorganic - melted/vaporized when heated, turns back to its original state
• Inorganic compounds

  Have ionic bonds
• Uniqueness of Carbon
• Erwin Schrodinger proposed the electron cloud model/Quantum Mechanical Model
• 95% of medication is said to be organic compounds
• Difference Between Organic & Inorganic Compounds
• Terms

  • Elements - Fundamental building blocks of all substances, Atoms - smallest particle of an element, Neutron - Neutral subatomic particle, Proton - Positively charged subatomic particle (+1), Electron - Negatively charged subatomic particle (-1)
• The atomic/proton number defines their identity as it differs, the element will change
• Atom


  Smallest particle of an element
• Terms related to the Quantum Mechanical Model

  • Elements
  • Atoms
  • Neutron
  • Proton
  • Electron
  • Nucleus
  • Atomic Number (Z)
  • Mass Number (A)
  • Isotopes
• Elements can form isotopes. Isotopes are members of a family of an element that all have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
• Atoms are electrically neutral because they possess positive and negative charges
• Electron


  Negatively charged subatomic particle (-1), usually in a form of a cloud
• Energy Levels


  • Aka electron shells; fixed distances of an electron from the nucleus of an atom
• Atomic Number (Z)


  Number of protons in nucleus; an atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons that are equal in number to the protons of the nucleus
• Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle: It is impossible to locate and find the velocity electron of an atom
• Proton


  Positively charged subatomic particle (+1)
• Distribution of orbitals within shells: Each shell contains subshells known as atomic orbitals; electrons are said to occupy orbitals in an atom
• Nucleus


  Center of an atom; contains protons and neutrons
• Isotopes

  Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and thus, different mass numbers (A); same number of protons
• S and P Orbitals

  • s-spherical; center nucleus
  • p-dumbbell shape; middle nucleus
• Aufbau Principle: States that electrons fill lower-energy atomic orbitals before filling higher energy ones
• Quantum Numbers

  • Principal (n)
  • Azimuthal/Angular (l)
  • Magnetic (m or ml)
  • Spin (s or ms)
• Electron Configuration: Symbolic notation of the manner in which the electrons of its atoms are arranged
• Hund's Rule: For degenerate orbitals, electrons fill the orbitals singly before they pair up
• Mass Number (A)


  Number of protons + neutrons
• Pauli's Exclusion Principle: Maximum of 2 electrons can occupy the same orbital only if they have opposite spins/paired spins
• Atomic Structure Orbitals


  Region of space where there is a certain probability of finding an electron; can hold 2 electrons; also known as wave function; described using size, shape, and electrons; valence electrons found in the outermost shell of atom, usually involved with bonds
• Neutron

  Neutral subatomic particle
• SPIN

  Direction of spin or orientation