LESSON 2

• Physiology


  Deals with the functions of the parts of the body
• Part 1: How do they look? External Anatomy and Physiology of Farm and Aquatic Animals


  Details about the external anatomy and physiology of different animals such as Chicken, Pig, Cattle, and Fish
• Cattle (Bos taurus/ Bos indicus)

  • Hoof: for balance
  • Mouth: hard pad with the bottom part a row of flat-topped teeth for grazing
  • Udder: where milk is produced
  • Other basic external parts: ears, eyes, dewclaw, brisket, and tail
• Prepared by: Precious Jewel dela Cruz
• Objectives

  • Be acquainted with the different concepts in anatomy and physiology
  • Identify the major parts of farm and aquatic animals including the functions of these parts
  • Relate each organ system in response to the changes due to external factors
• Pig (Sus scrofa)


  • Hoof (hooves): for balance
  • Snout: used to move objects; used for eating and smelling; for heat regulation
  • Other basic external parts: ears, eyes, mouth, and tail
• Anatomy


  The science that deals with the form and structure of the parts of the body and their relationship with one another
• LSE 8A. Animal Science and Technology
• Fish

  • Fins: for movement
  • Anal and Dorsal Fins: keep the fish level in water and prevent it from rolling
  • Caudal Fin: help the fish propel (push) forward and steer (turn)
  • Pectoral Fin: helps the fish brake and steer
  • Pelvic Fin: keeps the fish in level with the water
  • Gills: absorb dissolved oxygen in the water, enables fish to excrete wastes products (carbon dioxide and ammonia), and regulate fluid balance in the body of the fish
  • Operculum: a lid that covers the gills
  • Scales: Provide protection to the fish against predators
• After studying this topic, you should be able to:
• Note: This presentation provided to you is intended only for your use in connection with the course that you are enrolled in. It is not for distribution or sale. Permission should be obtained from your instructor for any use other than for what it is intended. Thank You.
• The Different Organ Systems

  • The Skeletal System
• Part 2. What’s Inside? Internal Anatomy and Physiology of Farm and Aquatic Animals

  Details about the internal anatomy and physiology of different animals
• Chicken (Gallus gallus)

  • Comb: for heat regulation
  • Beak: organ of prehension; for protection (fighting)
  • Wattle: for heat regulation
  • Feather: provides insulation
  • Spur: for protection (fighting and self-defense) *for males only
  • Cloaca: common passageway of products of digestive, excretory and reproductive tracts
  • Other basic external parts: ears, earlobes, eyes, eye rings, wings, tail, thighs, hocks, shanks, wings, claws, and toes
• Skeletal System


  • Provides support and framework of the body and allows movement
  • Longest bones: Pig- femur, Cattle- femur, Poultry- tibia
  • Consists of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles which maintain posture and allow movements; fishes have myotomes, jaw muscles, and fin muscles
• Muscular System


  • Consists of brain, nerves, and the spinal cord
  • Regulates the activities of the body like secretions of some endocrine glands, muscular contraction, respiration rate, and heart rate
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)


  • Stimulates ovulation in females and stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone in males
• Prolactin


  • Stimulates the secretion of milk in mammals
• Pancreas


  • Produces insulin and glucagon which maintain blood sugar level
• Adrenal Gland


  • Produces cortisol and aldosterone, causes emergency (fight/flight) responses
• Thyroid Gland


  • Produces T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) which regulate growth and rate of chemical reactions
• Oxytocin (milk-let down hormone)


  • Stimulates the ejection of milk in lactating mammals
• Operculum


  A lid that covers the gills
• Hypophysis/ Pituitary Gland


  • Produces Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Growth Hormone/ Somatotropic Hormone (STH)
• Vassopressin/ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)


  • Maintains body water
• Blood vessel


  • A hollow tube which transports blood and can be classified into arteries, veins, and capillaries
• Parathyroid Gland


  • Secretes parathyroid hormone which affects bone formation and excretion of calcium and phosphorus
• Heart


  • Muscular organ located in between the lungs which pumps the blood throughout the body
  • Has 4 chambers: 2 upper chambers, the right and left atria, and 2 lower chambers, the right and left ventricles
• Waste products (carbon dioxide and ammonia)


  Regulate fluid balance in the body of the fish
• Scales


  Provide protection to the fish against predators
• Blood


  • Carries oxygen and nutrients to all the cells in our bodies
  • Components: Plasma - liquid portion of the blood which contains organic and inorganic molecules
• Cardiovascular System


  • Consists of the blood, blood vessels, and the heart which transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes and helps in the maintenance of the normal temperature of the body
• Endocrine System


  • Composed of glands that produce and secrete hormones which regulate the activity of cells or organs
• Blood Cells

  • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells/ WBC) defend the body against foreign materials and infectious diseases
  • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells / RBC) contain hemoglobin and deliver oxygen to different parts of the body tissues through blood circulation
  • Thrombocytes (Platelets) aid in blood clotting
• Pulse


  Physical palpation of the artery which originates from the aorta (largest artery)
• Plasma


  • Liquid portion of the blood which contains organic and inorganic molecules, and ions
  • Holds the blood cells
• Capillaries


  Permits the exchange of chemicals and water between the tissues and the blood
• Animals and their Pulse Rates per minute

  • Elephant: 30-45
  • Horses: 38
  • Carabao and Cattle: 54
  • Goat: 78
  • Chicken: 200-400
  • Mouse: 600
• Components of the Respiratory System

  • Skin: Regulates temperature and maintains salt level in the body
  • Lungs: Diffuse gaseous wastes, such as carbon dioxide, from the bloodstream as a normal part of respiration
  • Kidneys: Paired, bean-shaped organs which regulate the volume and concentration of the body’s internal environment, eliminate excess water, inorganic salts, and foreign substances which entered the body
• Lungs diffuse gaseous wastes, such as carbon dioxide, from the bloodstream as a normal part of respiration