PHYSCI

• Matter can be converted into energy and vice versa
• Oscillating Model


  Shows how the universe expands and contracts in a cycle from the Big Bang to expansion, gravity contraction, and back to the singularity of the Big Crunch
• Atomic and Subatomic particles
• E=mc², where E is energy, M is mass, and C is the speed of light
• Quarks are the smallest particles and are fundamental constituents of matter
• Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation is the afterglow of the Big Bang
• When a particle and its antiparticle collide, they annihilate and release energy
• Steady State theory states that the universe has no beginning or end and has been expanding constantly
• Georges Lemaitre performed the first measurement of radial velocities for galaxies in 1910
• Baryogenesis is the formation of matter (protons & neutrons)
• Big Bang Theory explains the universe's expansion and why galaxies are moving away from each other
• Galaxies are moving away from each other
• Origins of the Universe

  • Divine
  • Multiverse
• Cosmic Inflation is the expansion of the universe faster than the speed of light
• Universe holds everything from the tiniest particles to super clusters
• Protons and neutrons are composed of 3 quarks
• Universe components

  • Time
  • Space
  • Matter
  • Energy
• Hydrogen Fusion


  Nuclear fusion of four protons to form a helium-4 nucleus
• Triple Alpha Process

  Formation of Carbon from three Helium-4 (alpha particles) through Beryllium-8
• Main Sequence Stars use hydrogen as fuel
• Photon decoupling


  Interaction of electrons and photons decreases as electrons become bound to nuclei, photon is emitted
• Atoms


  Differ from one another in the number of protons in their nucleus
• Traces of lithium and beryllium are found later
• Big Bang is an expansion of space
• For 370,000 years, the universe was filled with nuclei, electrons, and photons
• Stellar evolution happens as stars evolve due to their changing composition over time
• Stellar Nucleosynthesis


  Formation of elements through nuclear fusion inside stars
• Around 47,000 years, the Universe cooled down leading to the creation of elements
• Big Bang Nucleosynthesis


  Also known as Primordial Nucleosynthesis
• Arthur Eddington proposed in the 1920s that atoms of light elements fuse together within stars to form heavier atoms
• Light elements were produced during the expansion of the universe
• Photons emitted through decoupling during the Recombination period comprise the cosmic microwave background (CMB)
• Number of protons


  Corresponds to the atomic number of the atom
• Recombination


  Happens when charged electrons and protons become bound to form electrically neutral atoms
• Hydrogen was formed through recombination
• Nucleosynthesis


  Creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons (protons and neutrons) and nuclei
• Alpha Ladder is a series of nuclear fusion by adding alpha particles
• The energy lost in the chain reaction through neutrino and gamma ray emission fuels the stars
• The identity of the elements depends on how many protons it has
• Nucleosynthesis

  Formation of elements