ethnicity external

• 1. Cultural Deprivation - Home


  -Lack of correct norms and values necessary for educational success.

  -Cultural Deprivation theorists the underachievement of some ethnic groups is the result of inadequate socialisation in the home.

  -Ethnic minorities fail to socialise their children into the cultural norms and values which are appreciated within education.
• 1. Explain why the cultural norms and values of some ethnic minority groups may disadvantage them in the education system?

  2. Describe the experiences that cultural deprivation theorists believe minority ethnic children are lacking.

  3. Give one argument that having English as an additional language has a negative impact on education and one argument that it has a positive impact.

  4. Suggest three reasons to evidence that the above research is inaccurate:

  1. Language could be an issue as people who have recently arrived in the UK speak English as their second language. Also, talk about fatalism.

  2. Cultural deprivation theorists argue lack of intellectual and linguistic skills is a major cause of underachievement e.g. lack of intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences, this means they do not develop skills such as reasoning skills and problem-solving. Language, low-income, black families talking language inadequate for educational success (restricted code)

  3. Negative: lack of English language skills makes it difficult to access the curriculum or confusion

  Positive: the ability to quickly absorb a new language is a skills-Indian student

  4. Indiaterm-2n families pressure their children to succeed which affects their performance positively.

  -Pryce found that African Caribbean families have high aspirations and set up Saturday school

  -Asian parents who are poorly educated have a strong desire to help their children with their education.
• 1a. Language - Bereiter and Englemann


  -Many low income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences, which leaves them poorly equipped for school due to not developing reasoning & problem solving skills.

  -->Bereiter & Englemann - Inadequate standard English / EAL as a major barrier in education and integration into society.

  -->The Swann Report (1985) found that while language factors might hold back some children, for the majority they were of little importance and was not a major factor in educational underachievement.

  -->The DfES (2005) found any impact of language declines as children get older, and that preschool language differences are rapidly overcome.
• 1. How does this support Bernstein's theory of language and attainment?

  2. If you are unable to speak English, how could this affect your achievement?

  3. If your parents are unable to speak English, how could this affect your achievement?

  1. Bernstein identifies how the working class used restricted code, ethnic minority students are also likely to be working class.

  2. Unable to understand teachers, textbooks & and access school life. Lack of knowledge and understanding causes failure.

  3. Parents are unable to help with homework or engage with the school (parents' evening, speaking to teachers). Lack of support leads to failure.
• 1b. Attitudes and Values - Arnot

  -Most black children are socialised into a culture which instils a fatalistic, 'live for today' attitude that does not value education and leaves them ill-equipped for education.

  -Arnot (2004) blames the media for encouraging an anti-school black masculinity.
• 1c. Family Structure - Moynihan

  -ONs🡪 SPFs are very common amongst the Black Caribbean (48%) and Black African (36%) communities. In this family type, we often see a lack of a positive male role model.

  -Moynihan's 1965 research 🡪 Found that many black families are headed by lone mothers, meaning their children are often deprived of adequate care because they may struggle financially in the absence of a male breadwinner.

  -Also, the father's absence may be a lack of a male role model. -Cultural deprivation becomes a vicious circle, where inadequately socialized children from unstable families go on to fail at school and become inadequate parents themselves.
• Evaluation

  -The government have introduced compensatory education schemes that tackle cultural deprivation through early interventions (e.g., literacy workshops in deprived areas)

  -Lupton (2004) found Asian parents impose positive authority on their children, including respect towards adults, which has a knock on effect in school, with parents supporting school policies.

  -Keddie sees cultural deprivation as a victim blaming explanation. She argues that ethnic minorities are culturally different, not culturally deprived. They underachieve because schools are ethnocentric: biased in favour of white middle class culture.
• 2. Material Deprivation - Home

  -Poverty and a lack of economic necessities needed for educational success.

  -Material deprivation is most likely to be experienced by Bangladeshi and Pakistanis
• 2a. Employment & income - Palmer

  -Palmer found - Pakistani and Bangladeshi families are 3x more likely to be in the poorest 1/5 of the population.

  -Unemployment is 3x higher for African, Bangladeshi, and Pakistani families in comparison to whites.

  -15% of ethnic minority households live in overcrowded conditions compared to only 2% of white households.
• 2b. Class - ONS & Swann Report Data

  (ONS- office of national statistics)


  -Free School Meals is often an indicator of being in poverty.

  -ONS & Swann Report - Looked at the eligibility of Free School Meals and found Bangladeshi, Pakistani, and African families receive these the most.

  -This means there is a link between ethnic group and social class.

  -Diet, housing, and cost of schooling (learned in class section) can also be linked.

  -54.8% of gypsy were eligible for FSM.
• Material Deprivation: Lack of economic resources needed to succeed in school

  1. Housing- Theorist: Douglas

  Study and findings:

  -Ethnic minorities (who are also working class) will experience:

  -Overcrowding - making it hard to study, disturbed sleep, lack of space and privacy to do homework adversely affect performance in school

  -Lack of space to play and explore

  -Greater risk of accidents and ill health e.g., mould

  
  

  2. Cost of Schooling-Theorist: Bull

  Study and findings:

  -Ethnic minorities (who are also working class) lack the financial support.

  -This means children from ethnic minorities, and poorer families (W/C) have to do without the necessary equipment needed to succeed. E.g., school trips, transport etc.

  
  

  3. Diet- Theorist: Howard

  Study and findings:

  -Families living in poverty, who are typically minority ethnic families, are more likely to be unable to afford the daily recommended foods and nutrients.

  -Young people from poor homes have a lower intake of energy, vitamins, and minerals.
• Evaluation

  -Indian and Chinese pupils who are materially deprived still do better than most. For example, in 2011, 86% of Chinese girls who received FSM achieved 5 or more high GCSE grades, compared to only 65% of white girls who were not receiving FSM.

  -Modood (2004) found, while children from low income families did less well, the effects of low incomes were much less for ethnic groups than for white pupils.
• 3. Racism in Society - Societal


  -Some argue racism in society can cause failure in school.
• Examples of Racial Discrimination against BAME groups


  -->Mason claims that poverty is a result of racism in society

  -People with names associated with ethnic minority groups are less likely to be offered an interview

  -1 in 16 ethnic minority

  -1 in 9 white British

  -->Rex believes racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and worsens poverty.

  -Ethnic minorities are more likely to be given substandard housing compared to white people
• Racism - Mason & Rex


  -->How could living in poor housing lead to underachievement for minority ethnic students? Use what we learned in social class! -Overcrowding means no space to do work, and damp conditions lead to illnesses and absences.

  -->How could racism in society make ethnic minority students fatalistic?

  - The EM students will feel as if there is no point in trying in school if they will end up being mistreated in society/work regardless.

  -->How would fatalism cause ethnic minority students to fail?

  -They will give up trying in school, causing them to fail.
• Evaluation

  -Some would argue that linking racism in wider society and educational achievement is too deterministic, implying all people who experience racism are passive. Some victims actively challenge this and work harder in order to overcome racist barriers.