W2

• Objectives

  • Identify the common reactions in organic chemistry
  • Predict the major product of an organic chemical reaction
  • Group organic compounds based on reactivity
• Organic reactions can be organized into several basic types
• Objectives of the module:
• Each reaction has a stepwise reaction mechanism that explains how it happens
• Basic organic chemistry reaction types

  • Addition reactions
  • Elimination reactions
  • Substitution reactions
  • Pericyclic reactions
  • Rearrangement reactions
  • Photochemical reactions
  • Redox reactions
• Organic reactions

  Chemical reactions involving organic compounds
• Addition reactions are also encountered in polymerizations and called addition polymerization
• Addition reaction is an organic reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger one
• Addition reactions are limited to chemical compounds that have multiple bonds
• After these multiple bonds are formed, there is a release of small molecules as products
• Two non-polar addition reactions exist as well, called free-radical addition and cycloadditions
• In organic synthesis, organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules
• Organic reactions are the chemical reactions that are undergone by organic compounds
• Some reactions fit into more than one category
• Elimination reaction is a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one- or two-step mechanism
• Molecules containing carbon-hetero double bonds like carbonyl (C=O) groups, or imine (C=N) groups, can undergo addition
• The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions
• Some substitution reactions follow an addition-elimination pathway
• There is no limit to the number of possible organic reactions and mechanisms
• There are some reactions which involve the elimination or removal of the adjacent atoms
• There are two main types of polar addition reactions: electrophilic addition and nucleophilic addition
• Substitution reaction

  A chemical reaction where one functional group in a compound is replaced by another functional group. Classified as electrophilic or nucleophilic based on reagent, reactive intermediate, and substrate. Helps predict product outcome and optimize reaction conditions
• E1 Mechanism

  Example: Reaction of tert-butylbromide with potassium ethoxide in ethanol
• Rearrangement reaction

  A reaction where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer. Involves the migration of a substituent within the molecule
• Organic redox reaction

  Oxidation-reduction reactions where reactants undergo a change in oxidation states. Redox reactions consist of reduction and oxidation processes occurring simultaneously. Involves oxidizing and reducing agents
• E2 Mechanism

  Example: Reaction of isobutylbromide with potassium ethoxide in ethanol. Reaction products: isobutene, ethanol, potassium bromide
• Elimination reaction

  Two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one- or two-step mechanism. Reactions involve the elimination or removal of adjacent atoms, forming multiple bonds and releasing small molecules as products. It transforms saturated compounds to unsaturated compounds