U1AoS2 Health and Human Development

• Social Factors


  Aspects of society and the environment that impacted on health and wellbeing.
• Cultural Factors


  The set of beliefs, moral values, traditions, languages and laws (or rules of behaviours) held in common by a nation, a community or other define groups of people.
• Political Factors


  The decisions and actions taken by government and non-government agencies on issues including those relating to healthcare, human policies and health funding.
• Social Factors --> Family

  ENABLERS:

  -The consumption of a balanced diet across all food groups is encouraged.

  - Eating all three meals as a daily routine.

  BARRIERS:

  -The consumption of energy-dense processed foods is encouraged.

  -Skipping breakfast each day.
• Social Factors --> Friends

  ENABLERS:

  -Surrounding yourself with peers who eat regular meals.

  -Ordering a meal of choice.

  BARRIERS:

  -Surrounding yourself with peers who skip meals in order to achieve being 'thin'.

  -Not ordering a meal because a friend didn't.
• Socioeconomic Factors--> Income

  ENABLERS:

  -Higher income can afford a wide selection of food.

  -Healthy choices within proximity.

  BARRIERS:

  -Low income find it difficult to maintain a balanced diet.

  -Take-away foods in proximity.
• Socioeconomic Factors --> Education

  ENABLERS:

  -Access to quality education and health literacy, the more likely money is spent on a nutritious, well-balanced diet.

  -Higher education leads to greater income.

  BARRIERS:

  -Lower levels of education- may not have prior knowledge.

  -Lower education levels can lead to less income - unable to afford nutritious foods.
• Socioeconomic Factors- Occupation

  ENABLERS:

  -Flexible working hours give people more time to shop for food.

  -The income of work gives people more money they can use to afford foods.

  BARRIERS:

  -Working long hours can influence the foods you eat.

  -Low levels of income can affect the type of food you can eat and afford.
• Social Media

  ENABLERS:

  -Easy to find

  -Practitioners can post information

  BARRIERS:

  -Can cause confusing information between opinions and facts.

  -Young people are increasingly being lead by misinformation.
• Long term cause of overconsumption of sugar

  -Creates bacteria with acids that cause tooth decay -loss of teeth.

  -Periodontitis (inflammation and infections of tissue in the mouth.
• Long term consequence of overconsumption of saturated and trans fats, carbohydrates and proteins.

  -Youth who are overweight tend to experience social discrimination and negative body image.

  -Long term nutritional imbalance can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, some concersard arthritis
• Overconsumption of sodium long-term consequences

  -Hypertension- long term increased risk of stroke, heart attack, CVD, and kidney disease.

  -Demineralization of bones and osteoporosis.

  -Cause stress and anxiety impacting social + Mental H+W.
• Overconsumption of Iron, Folate, Vitamin C and Vitamin B12 (Long term)

  -Anaemia can occur - tiredness and weakness.

  -Youth is a period of rapid growth and red blood cells are required to keep up energy demands.
• Underconsumption of Calcium (Long Term)

  -Osteoporosis which leads to brittle bones.

  -If calcium is under consumed and individual is at risk of having porosis, weak bones later in life as well as an increased risk of osteoporosis.
• Underconsumption of Fibre (Long Term)

  -Insoluble fibre adds bulk to faeces assisting in the removal of waste products.

  -If waste is not removed there is a greater risk of abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth and risk of tumors and colorectal cancer.
• Insufficient B-Group Vitamins and iron (Short term)


  -Energy levels may decrease, affecting physical H+W.

  -Extreme feelings of fatigue, less likely to part take in exercise.

  -Concentration levels in school will decrease, affecting social and mental H+W.
• Insufficient Fibre (Short term)

  -Risk of constipation --> affected physical H+W.

  -Insoluble fibre adds to bulk faeces, assisting in removal of waste.

  -Soluble fibre allows more water to remain in the stools, making it easier to pass on.
• Insufficient water (Short term)

  -Dehydration - thirst, dry mouth, headaches, decreased blood pressure, fainting, tiredness, and constipation.

  -Dehydration can lead to unconsciousness and death.

  -Impacts negatively on efficient function of the body and system. Decreased physical H+W.
• Excessive saturated and trans fats (Short term)

  -Increase body's cholesterol level.

  -Impacts physical H+W in the same way as hypertension impacts the body.
• Immersive Marketing


  A 'complete experience' for the consumer creating an emotional relationship between the consumer and product.

  EXAMPLE: Macca's Monopoly
• Location-based marketing


  A market strategy that advertises food outlets in close proximity.

  EXAMPLE: When using Google or Apple maps, food outlets are more likely to appear at mealtimes, when you're most likely.
• Collection of Personal data

  Every click or search you conduct using personal devices is tracked - you may find that brands you have been searching then come onto your news feed.

  EXAMPLE: Talking about a product -phone listens- product appears in your news feed.
• Product Placement


  Strategy to subtly promote a product through appearances in TV, movies, etc. Does so without interrupting the viewer but it is highly likely the viewer will that its out-of-place.
• Infiltration of social media


  Brands that clog your news feed to 'temp' consumers by promoting competitions or free products.

  EXAMPLE: Hello Fresh's free boxes.
• Clean Eating'


  Marketing tactic used to promote 'healthier' options. Particularly effective as consumers are doing more and more research about where their foods come from.
• Celebrity Endorsement

  Aim is to check a connection between the consumer and well-known people. This enhances brand recognition and makes the product more desirable for consumers.
• Marketing by social influences/bloggers

  Brands turning to 'everyday people' who have a large following on social media as followers view them as a trusted source of information because they are relatable. Brands then pay these people to market their products.
• Stevia


  A shrub native to tropical and subtropical America, the leaves of which may be used as a calorie-free substitute for sugar.
• Role Model


  A person whose behaviour can be emulated by others, especially by younger people.
• Risk Nutrient


  Any nutrient that increases the chances of developing a certain condition.
• Protective nutrient


  Any nutrient that acts to protect a person from a certain condition.
• Pasteurization


  A process that kills microbes (mainly bacteria) in food and drink, such as milk, juice and canned foods.
• Orthorexia


  Eating disorder characterized by an excessive preoccupation with eating 'healthy' food.
• Kosher


  Describes food (or premises in which food is sold, cooked, or eaten) satisfying the requirements of the Jewish Law.
• Halal


  Permissible by Muslim law, particularly in relation to how meat is slaughtered.
• Fortified


  When a nutrient has been artificially added to food to increase its nutritional value.
• Glycaemic Index (GI)


  A scale from 0-100 indicating the effect on blood glucose of foods containing carbohydrates.
• Hemoglobin


  A component of blood largely consisting of iron and protein, that transports oxygen throughout the body.
• Food insecurity


  the 'limit or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, or the limited ability to acquire foods in socially acceptable ways.
• B-Group Vitamins deficient


  Can lead to a lack of energy, and energy is essential for growth, lack of slowed growth of muscles and bones.