Health and Human Development

• Gender


  Males and females value different perspectives and priorities.

  -Males: Less likely to think they are at risk, can lead to a false sense of things like weight management.

  -Females: Social media influence what women perceive as 'healthy' vs. 'unhealthy'.
• Age


  - Health and wellbeing perspectives increase in complexity as our age increases.

  - As we age, we become more aware, independent, and appreciate our body's health and wellbeing
• Socioeconomic status

  - A measure of a person's social and economic based on income, education and occupation.

  Low SES- H+W not a major priority. More likely to rate health status negatively.

  High SES- Value and prioritize H+W. More likely to spend money on private health and on preventative health care measures.
• Culture

  - Value different priorities and perspectives.

  - Western: Professional medical practice and intervention when required. Reactive.

  - Chinese: The body where each part is seen as interconnected. Good harmony which encompasses good health and wellbeing. Proactive.
• Definition of Aboriginal H+W


  Refer to not just physical wellbeing of an individual but to the social, emotional and cultural wellbeing of the whole community.
• Indigenous Perspectives and priorities

  - Culture

  - Connection to the land

  - Social and Emotional health and well being
• Self-assessed Health Status


  A measure of a population's health based on a person's own perception of their health and wellbeing.
• Psychological distress


  An indicator that measures the mental health and wellbeing of a population (level of nervousness and agitation).
• Core Activity Limitation


  An indicator that measures the extent to which individuals in a population are limited in undertaking activities or participating in the core life areas in self-care, mobility and communication.
• Health Behaviours

  Behaviors of an individual that either have a positive or negative impact upon their health and wellbeing.
• The 8 health indicators

  1. Life Expectancy

  2. Mortality

  3. Core activity limitation

  4. Morbidity

  5. Rates of Hospitalization

  6. Self-assessed health status

  7. Phycological distress

  8. Burden of Disease.
• Life expectancy


  The number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change.

  The most commonly used to measure is life expectancy of birth.
• Health Indicators


  Standard statistics that are used to measure and compare health status (e.g. life expectancy, mortality rates, morbidity rates).
• Health status


  An individual's or a population's overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.
• Years of Life Lost (YLL)


  A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death.
• Mortality


  The number of deaths in a population in a given period.
• Rate of Hospitalization


  can occur as the result of requiring care for chronic conditions.
• DALY

  Disability adjusted life years.
• Burden of Disease


  A measure of the impact of disease and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability.

  Measured in DALY.
• Prevalence


  Refers to the total number of cases of a condition at a given time.
• Incidence


  Refers to the number of new cases of new cases of a condition in a given period (usually 12 months).
• Years lost due to disability (YLD)


  A measure of this - one YLD in equal to one 'healthy' year of life lost due to time lived with illness, injury, and/or disease.
• Morbidity


  Ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population (often expressed through incidence, prevalence).
• Spiritual


  Ideas, values, beliefs, and ethnics.

  A sense of purpose, connection and/or belonging in life.
• Mental


  The state of a person's mind/brain.

  The ability to think and process information.
• Emotional


  The ability to recognize, understand and manage emotions.

  As well as the ability to display resilience.
• Social


  The ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships.

  The ability to communicate.
• Physical


  Relates to the body and its system.

  A person is able to perform their daily tasks without physical restriction.
• Social Factors


  Aspects of society and the environment that impacted on health and wellbeing.
• Cultural Factors


  The set of beliefs, moral values, traditions, languages and laws (or rules of behaviours) held in common by a nation, a community or other define groups of people.
• Political Factors


  The decisions and actions taken by government and non-government agencies on issues including those relating to healthcare, human policies and health funding.
• Social Factors --> Family

  ENABLERS:

  -The consumption of a balanced diet across all food groups is encouraged.

  - Eating all three meals as a daily routine.

  BARRIERS:

  -The consumption of energy-dense processed foods is encouraged.

  -Skipping breakfast each day.
• Social Factors --> Friends

  ENABLERS:

  -Surrounding yourself with peers who eat regular meals.

  -Ordering a meal of choice.

  BARRIERS:

  -Surrounding yourself with peers who skip meals in order to achieve being 'thin'.

  -Not ordering a meal because a friend didn't.
• Socioeconomic Factors--> Income

  ENABLERS:

  -Higher income can afford a wide selection of food.

  -Healthy choices within proximity.

  BARRIERS:

  -Low income find it difficult to maintain a balanced diet.

  -Take-away foods in proximity.
• Socioeconomic Factors --> Education

  ENABLERS:

  -Access to quality education and health literacy, the more likely money is spent on a nutritious, well-balanced diet.

  -Higher education leads to greater income.

  BARRIERS:

  -Lower levels of education- may not have prior knowledge.

  -Lower education levels can lead to less income - unable to afford nutritious foods.
• Socioeconomic Factors- Occupation

  ENABLERS:

  -Flexible working hours give people more time to shop for food.

  -The income of work gives people more money they can use to afford foods.

  BARRIERS:

  -Working long hours can influence the foods you eat.

  -Low levels of income can affect the type of food you can eat and afford.
• Social Media

  ENABLERS:

  -Easy to find

  -Practitioners can post information

  BARRIERS:

  -Can cause confusing information between opinions and facts.

  -Young people are increasingly being lead by misinformation.
• Long term cause of overconsumption of sugar

  -Creates bacteria with acids that cause tooth decay -loss of teeth.

  -Periodontitis (inflammation and infections of tissue in the mouth.
• Long term consequence of overconsumption of saturated and trans fats, carbohydrates and proteins.

  -Youth who are overweight tend to experience social discrimination and negative body image.

  -Long term nutritional imbalance can lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, some concersard arthritis
• Overconsumption of sodium long-term consequences

  -Hypertension- long term increased risk of stroke, heart attack, CVD, and kidney disease.

  -Demineralization of bones and osteoporosis.

  -Cause stress and anxiety impacting social + Mental H+W.