Mutation

• Chemical change in the DNA structure.

  Gene mutation
• Change in the whole chromosome structure or a part of it.

  Chromosome mutation
• Involve the loss of a piece of chromosome.

  Deletion
• No genes are added or lost but a change in the sequence of genes occur.

  Inversion
• Happens when an extra identical piece of chromosome is added to the original strand.

  Duplication
• Failure of the chromosome pairs to separate during meiosis.

  Nondisjunction
• Due to deletion of one small portion of autosome #5.

  Cat's cry syndrome "cri-du-chat"
• Only 45 chromosome because the members of a pair of chromosome failed to separate.

  Turner's syndrome
• An extra X chromosomes

  and are males; genetic make-up of XXY.

  Klinefelters syndrome
• Genetic make-up of XXX. Results to nondisjunction.

  Super female
• Genetic make-up of XYY, male and look normal, display anti social behavior.


  Jacob's syndrome
• Have 3 chromosome #21, moon shaped face, sterile and mentally retarded.

  Down's syndrome
• Have an extra chromosome #18, occurs 3x in every 10,000 births, severely mentally retarded.

  Edward's syndrome
• Have an extra chromosome # 13, cleft lip and cleft palate, malformations in hands, feet and face.

  Patau's syndrome