central dogma

• Protein is a vital molecular substance made up of amino acids. 
• The central dogma is the process involved in translating genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.
• Semiconservative means that each original DNA is conserved as the new complementary strand for each one is created.
• DNA Replication is a process in which DNA reproduces itself in new cells through cell division.
• The first thing that occurs in replication is the"unzipping” of the new strands of a DNA molecule. 
• An enzyme called helicase tears apart the hydrogen bond holding the nitrogenous base pairs together.
• The separated strand forms a y-shaped replication “fork”.
• DNA polymerase and DNA ligase, enzymes that bond nucleotides, zip together the nitrogenous bases of the old strands to complementary bases in the new strands, using hydrogen bonding.
• Primase - enzyme adds a primer (protein)
• The leading strand is at the top and the lagging strand is at the bottom.
• The transcription stage describes the procedure through which RNA “transcribes” the genetic information from DNA.
• The polymerase enzyme interprets and transcribes a gene sequence from an unwound strand of DNA through complementary nitrogen bases.
• mRNA molecule carries the transcript through which RNA nucleotides substitute DNA nucleotides of the original gene sequence. 
• In initiation, RNA polymerase attaches itself to a particular region in the DNA called the promoter.
• The promoter instructs RNA polymerase where it should attach and perform RNA synthesis.
• A specific protein called basal transcription factors first attaches to the promoter and helps the RNA polymerase connect more firmly to a DNA strand.
• In elongation, RNA polymerase clings to DNA strands and uses them as templates for RNA nucleotides.
• In termination, the RNA polymerase will encounter a DNA sequence known as a terminator, which signals the termination of the RNA synthesis.
• A special type of RNA molecule known as messenger RNA or mRNA will be formed when RNA stops the transcription and detaches from the DNA template strand.
• In translation, the genetic code in the mRNA transcript is translated into a polypeptide.
• Polypeptide - a chain of amino acids comprising a protein molecule.
• The transfer RNA molecule (tRNA molecule) is a decoder that translates the genetic information in the mRNA transcript.
• Codons are three-letter codes that specify amino acids.
• Anticodons are complementary bases of the codons in the mRNA transcript.
• Ribosomal RNA molecule (rRNA molecule) is responsible for the production of ribosomes and the catalysis of amino acids into proteins.
• In initiation, the translation begins when the small subunit of the ribosomes attaches to the starting end of the mRNA transcript and directs the nitrogenous bases of the transcript towards the tRNA molecule to form an mRNA-ribosome complex. 
• In elongation, the ribosome continues to translate ever codon into an amino acid.
• In termination, the elogations stops.
• Three stop codons - UAA, UAG, UGA
• Genetic code - a tabulated list of all the codons in the mRNA transcript and their corresponding amino acid translation.
• 64 codons can be formed but only 61 can be translated.
• Protein is the final product of the central dogma.
• Amino acids - consist of a primary carbon atom bonded to an amino functional group.
• Peptide bonds are a type of chemical bonding that involves the extraction of a water molecule from the functional groups that make up an amino acid.