Lesson 9

avatar
Created by
Tisay Lilac

Cards (74)

  • Social, political, economic, and cultural issues in Philippine history
    • Agrarian Reform Policy
  • History of agrarian reforms in the Philippines
    1. Pre-Spanish Period
    2. Spanish Period
    3. First Philippine Republic
    4. American Period
    5. Commonwealth Period
    6. Japanese Occupation
    7. Philippine Republic
  • Pre-Spanish Period: 'This land is Ours God gave this land to us'
  • Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, Filipinos lived in villages or barangays ruled by chiefs or datus. The datus comprised the nobility. Then came the maharlikas (freemen), followed by the aliping mamamahay (serfs) and aliping saguiguilid (slaves). However, despite the existence of different classes in the social structure, practically everyone had access to the fruits of the soil. Money was unknown, and rice served as the medium of exchange.
  • Spanish Period: 'United we stand, divided we fall'
  • When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the concept of encomienda (Royal Land Grants) was introduced. This system grants that Encomienderos must defend his encomienda from external attack, maintain peace and order within, and support the missionaries. In turn, the encomiendero acquired the right to collect tribute from the indios (native). The system, however, degenerated into abuse of power by the encomienderos. The tribute soon became land rents to a few powerful landlords. And the natives who once cultivated the lands in freedom were transformed into mere share tenants.
  • First Philippine Republic: 'The yoke has finally broken'
  • When the First Philippine Republic was established in 1899, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared in the Malolos Constitution his intention to confiscate large estates, especially the so-called Friar lands. However, as the Republic was short-lived, Aguinaldo’s plan was never implemented.
  • American Period: 'Long live America'
  • Significant legislation enacted during the American Period
    • Philippine Bill of 1902
    • Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496)
    • Public Land Act of 1903
    • Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113)
  • The Torrens system, which the Americans instituted for the registration of lands, did not solve the problem completely. Either they were not aware of the law or if they did, they could not pay the survey cost and other fees required in applying for a Torrens title.
  • Commonwealth Period: 'Government for the Filipinos'
  • President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the "Social Justice" program to arrest the increasing social unrest in Central Luzon.
  • Significant legislation enacted during Commonwealth Period

    • 1935 Constitution
    • Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045), Nov. 13, 1936
    • National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC), 1936
    • Commonwealth Act. No. 461, 1937
    • Rural Program Administration, created March 2, 1939
    • Commonwealth Act No. 441 enacted on June 3, 1939
  • Japanese Occupation: 'The Era of Hukbalahap'
  • The Second World War II started in Europe in 1939 and in the Pacific in 1941. Hukbalahap controlled whole areas of Central Luzon; landlords who supported the Japanese lost their lands to peasants while those who supported the Japanese earned fixed rentals in favor of the tenants. Unfortunately, the end of war also signaled the end of gains acquired by the peasants. Upon the arrival of the Japanese in the Philippines in 1942, peasants and workers organizations grew strength. Many peasants took up arms and identified themselves with the anti-Japanese group, the HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon).
  • Philippine Republic: 'The New Republic'
  • After the establishment of the Philippine Independence in 1946, the problems of land tenure remained. These became worst in certain areas. Thus the Congress of the Philippines revised the tenancy law. President Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948) enacted th
  • Upon the arrival of the Japanese in the Philippines in 1942, peasants and workers organizations grew in strength
  • Many peasants took up arms and identified themselves with the anti-Japanese group, the HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon)
  • After the establishment of Philippine Independence in 1946, the problems of land tenure remained
  • President Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948) enacted Republic Act No. 34 which established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and regulating share-tenancy contracts
  • President Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948) enacted Republic Act No. 55 which provided for a more effective safeguard against arbitrary ejectment of tenants
  • Executive Order No. 355 replaced the National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production Administration
  • Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers
  • Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system
  • Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands
  • Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent
  • President Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961) continued the program of President Ramon Magsaysay with no new legislation passed
  • Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform Code) abolished share tenancy, institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75 hectares, invested rights of preemption and redemption for tenant farmers, provided for an administrative machinery for implementation, institutionalized a judicial system of agrarian cases, incorporated extension, marketing and supervised credit system of services of farmer beneficiaries
  • The RA was hailed as one that would emancipate Filipino farmers from the bondage of tenancy
  • Five days after the proclamation of Martial Law, the entire country was proclaimed a land reform area and simultaneously the Agrarian Reform Program was decreed
  • Republic Act No. 6389 and RA No. 6390 of 1971 created the Department of Agrarian Reform and the Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund, strengthening the position of farmers and expanding the scope of agrarian reform
  • Presidential Decree No. 2 declared the country under land reform program, enjoined all agencies and offices of the government to extend full cooperation and assistance to the DAR, and activated the Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council
  • Presidential Decree No. 27 restricted land reform scope to tenanted rice and corn lands and set the retention limit at 7 hectares
  • President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992) provided for comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform under Section 21 under Article II of the Constitution ratified by the Filipino people
  • On June 10, 1988, former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law Republic Act No. 6657 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) which became effective on June 15, 1988
  • Subsequently, four Presidential issuances were released in July 1987 after 48 nationwide consultations
  • On June 10, 1988, former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law Republic Act No. 6657 or otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL)
  • The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) became effective

    June 15, 1988