DRRR

• Disaster is a serious disruption
• a hazard is a situation or an

  • occurrence with capacity to bring damages to lives, properties, and the environment
• Types of hazard: 1. natural hazard, 2. human made hazard, 3. combination and socio-natural hazard
• natural hazard are natural phenomena that pose threats or cause negative impacts to people and property
• human made hazard are event caused directly and principally by one or more indentifiable deliberate or negligent human actions
• combination and socio-natural hazards: flooding and draught can fall under this category if these are due to deforestation
• disaster risk is the chance or likelihood of suffering harm and loss as a result of a hazardous event.
• characteristics of disaster: it knows no political boundaries, it creates new task and requires more people as disaster respondents
• Vulnerability comes from many aspects, specifically, those arise from various social, economic, physical and environmental factors
• most vulnerable sectors: they are the community members whose capacities are low and not sufficient to withstand and overcome the damaging and adverse effects of disasters. they are also called the "abused sector" and at the lowest levels of society
• less vulnerable sectors are the ones whose capacities start from their own ability to acquire material resources; skills and trainings; and position in society. Their capacities are higher than those in the vulnerable sector to overcome the adverse effects of disasters.

  They are composed of professionals, small entrepreneurs, and others similar to those who belong to the higher levels of society
• Not vulnerable sectors are sectors in society having high position in the community. Most of the time, they are the targets of the vulnerable and less vulnerable sectors in advocacy work relating disaster issue to the structure and policies implemented by the government that are the root cause of the vulnerability of the community.
• effects of disaster: Displaced Populations, Health Risk, Food scarcity, Emotional aftershocks
• Displaced population- a type of disaster that occurs when countries conflict with other countries or might have been ravage by powerful forces of nature, people will decide to abandon their place and seek refuge to other places.
• health risk- Secondary effects of disaster might be damaging like

  severe flooding may result to stagnant water that allows breeding of dengue-causing mosquitoes.
• food scarcity- After a disaster, food often becomes scarce. After a strong typhoon or earthquake crops are destroyed and supplies will be limited, so prices of basic commodities will increase thus reducing the purchasing power and increasing malnutrition
• emotional aftershocks- Disasters can be particularly traumatic to children, when confronted with scenes of destruction and death of friends and loved ones, many children will develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• PTSD stands for Post-Traumatic stress disorder
• PTSD is a serious psychological condition resulting from extreme trauma and if left untreated children can be prone to psychological damage and emotional distress.
• Disaster in different perspectives- Physical perspective, psychological perspective, socio-cultural perspective, economic perspective, political perspective, and environmental perspective
• Physical Perspective- From this view disaster is defined as a phenomenon that can cause damage to physical elements such as buildings, infrastructure, including people and their properties.
• psychological perspective: It has already been documented that human-

  made/technological disasters may have different and more marked consequences than natural disasters Researches shows that disasters can cause serious mental health consequences for victims (Galea, et. al). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are common among victims of disasters
• Under ng psychological perspective: Emotional effects, cognitive effects, physical effects, and interpersonal effects
• Emotional Effects: Fear, anxiety, depression, anger, guilt, shame, grief, hopelessness, helplessness, loss of control, sense of isolation, feelings of worthlessness, low self esteem, and suicidal ideation
• Cognitive Effects: Confusion, memory problems, difficulty concentrating, poor judgment, feeling overwhelmed by information, and distorted thinking patterns
• Physical Effects: Headaches, muscle tension, fatigue, sleep disturbances, appetite changes, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular disease, respiratory illnesses, and sexual dysfunction
• interpersonal effects: increased relational conflict, social withdrawal, impaired work performance, distrust, feeling abandoned and many more
• socio-cutural perspective: Disaster is analyzed based on how people respond having as parameter their social conditions and cultural settings. Human beings will develop some basic skills and traits in respond to a particular environment they lived.
• economic perspective: One salient component in assessing the impact of disaster from this view is defining direct economic cost and indirect losses. Direct economic cost is the value of what has been damaged or destroyed (Quebral, V.).
• political perspective: Delivery of government service to constituents can be a plus or minus factor in disaster risk reduction and management. Government interventions should be present in all phases of disaster risk reduction management:
• environmental perspective: environmental degradation, settlement patterns, livelihood choices and behavior can all contribute to disaster risk, which in turn adversely affects human development and contributes to further environmental degradation.