Behavior

• Foraging is the set of all behaviors involved in obtaining food
• Inclusive fitness describes how animals engage in kin altruism to increase fitness of their offsprings & close family members (those the most related by genes to them)
• A primary group is a small and close-knit, often consists of dyads or triads
• Secondary group is is larger group and is more goal-oriente and less permanent
• Bureaucracy is the type of formal organization with particular focus on efficiency and effectiveness
• Iron law of oligarchy is the perspective that criticizes the hierarchial nature of bureaucracy, stating that people in power will come to value their power over the purpose of organization
• Fad is a novel social pattern that had a uick rise and fall in popularity (PokemonGo)
• Role strain occurs when a person experiences conflicting demands within the SAME role
• Role conflict occurs when a person has multiple roles and those roles have different goals
• Role exit is when a person stops identifying with a certain role responsibilities
• Ascribed status is the one that is assigned to a person at birth or later in life
• Achieved status is the one that person earns intentionally
• Impression management is the process of consciously making behavioural choices in order to create a specific impression of yourself in the minds of others
• Dramaturgical approach is one theory of impression management that involves front and back stage selves
• Hawthorne effect describes the tendency to change your behavior because you are being observed
• Teacher expectancy effect descrbies how students specifically change their performance to meet teacher's expectations
• Groupthink is when members try to foster group harmony and agree with each other despite having different opinions
• Group polarization is when the attitude of a group becomes more extreme than the individual attitudes of its individuals
• Social facilitation is when a person performs task better because they know they are being watched (especially works for those tasks that a person is highly skilled at and is opposite if the person does it for the first time)
• Bystander effect is when people are less likely to help someone who is in needed of immediate assistance because they think someone else will step in to help
• Social loafing describes how people working in a group are more likely to decrease their input because they think others will compensate for it
• Deindividuation is when individuals lose their sense of individuality and engage in mood or activities of the crowd
• Game theory involves the use of mathematical reasoning to guide decision making that is tied to decisions made by other people
• Conformity is the tendency to adapt one's behavior to suit expected social norms and some level of it is totally normal
• The famous study on obedience was made by Milgram and it was about a teacher instructing a participant to deliver high shokes to a "learner" who was actually a confederate
• Strain theory explains that deviance arises when there is a conflict between social expectations and methods of achieving those expectations
• Differential association theory states that deviance arises from social learning, when a person is socialized in a deviant group
• Labelling theory states that particular behaviors are societally defined as deviant based on the group that does this behavior
• Melting pot is when individuals immigrating into the new country are encouraged to assimilate
• Transmission is the passage of culture from one generation to another
• Diffusion is the spread of culture from one population to another
• Cultural lag refers to the time culture takes to adjust to technological innovations
• Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's group is of central importance and includes tendency to judge the practices of other groups by one's own cultural standards
• Cultural relativism is the idea that different cultures have different values and that we should respect those values, and judge other culture more objectively, not from our perspective
• In-groups are those groups we feel we belong to
• Out-groups are those groups we do not feel to belong to, and may even compete or be hostile towards them
• Bias is a phenomenon where you typically endorse actions of your in-group over out-group
• Stereotypes are generalized beliefs concerning groups of people and can be negativ/positive/neutral
• Stereotype threat is when a person worries about fulfilling a certain stereotype because it is associated with their in-group
• Self-fulfilling prophecies is when a stereotype threat makes a person so nervous that they end up performing the stereotype they tried to avoid