Working with people in their Environment

• What is secondary to the challenge of alcohol addiction?

  challenge of drug use
• what is drug use?

  When a chemical substance which alters biological structure/ functioning is administered or absorbed.
• Alcohol use is the largest single contributor to health risks in young people
• what are risk-taking behaviors?


  Engaging in activities with uncertain outcomes.
• consequences of risk taking behavior?

  Negative outcomes, like diseases, illnesses etc
• list the types of risk taking behaviors?

  illegal substance abuse,
• illegal substance abuse, risky sexual behaviors, unhealthy diet, stealing, gambling, unprotected sex and more are some risk taking behaviors.
• what are some factors that contribute to risk taking behaviors?

  1. individual factors
  2. family factors
  3. peer factors
  4. community factors
• define age range?

  Age range is a range indicating the upper and lower ages considered suitable for a specific category
• difference between youth and adolescents?

  1. Adolescence is a transitional phase from childhood into adulthood; youth covers a wider range of ages
  2. An adolescent is a teenager, while “youth” refers to the quality/state of being young
  3. difference in age range
• what are developmental challenges?the obstacles or difficulties that individuals face as they progress through various stages of development, including physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes.
• what are developmental challenges?

  refers to the obstacles or difficulties that individuals face as they progress through various stages of development, including physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes.
• what are health impacts?

  refers to the effects that various factors, including biological, psychological, social, and environmental, have on an individual's physical and mental well-being.
• define social institution?

  Basic agents that provide guidance, rules and structures for the development of adolescence in terms of behavior, attitudes, cultural norms and values.
• what are the 3 main social institutions?

  Family, education, religion
• Client-centered therapy


  Also known as person-centered therapy or Rogerian therapy, a non-directive form of talk therapy where the client acts as an equal partner in the therapy process while the therapist remains non-directive - they don't pass judgment on the client's feelings or offer suggestions or solutions
• Client-centered therapy


  • Developed by humanist psychologist Carl Rogers during the 1940s and 1950s
  • Rogers believed that people are the best expert on their own lives and experiences
  • Rogers suggested that people have a self-actualizing tendency, or a desire to fulfill their potential and become the best that they can be
• Non-directive therapy


  Initial name for client-centered therapy, where the therapist aims to be as non-directive as possible
• Rogers eventually realized that therapists guide clients even in subtle ways, and that clients often do look to their therapists for some type of guidance or direction
• Key concepts of client-centered therapy


  • Genuineness and congruence
  • Unconditional positive regard
  • Empathetic understanding
• Genuineness and congruence


  Therapists display genuineness and congruence by acting in accordance with their own thoughts and feelings, allowing themselves to share openly and honestly
• Unconditional positive regard


  Therapists show unconditional positive regard by always accepting the client for who they are and displaying support and care no matter what the client is facing or experiencing
• Empathetic understanding

  Therapists practice empathy by acting as a mirror of the client's feelings and thoughts, seeking to understand the client and maintain an awareness and sensitivity to their experience and point of view
• Rogers deliberately used the term "client" rather than "patient" to emphasize the importance of the individual in seeking assistance, controlling their destiny, and overcoming their difficulties
• What client-centered therapy can help with

  • Anxiety
  • Psychosis
  • Dementia
  • Depression
  • Mood disorders
  • Negative thoughts related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Benefits of client-centered therapy

  • May improve self-concept, which is the organized set of beliefs and ideas about oneself
  • Can help clients achieve congruence between self-concept and reality
• For client-centered therapy to be effective, the client needs to be willing to share their internal experiences with the therapist without the therapist's direct guidance or advice
• The relationship between the client and therapist is an important part of client-centered therapy - if the client doesn't feel understood by the therapist or doesn't feel safe and supported enough to share their thoughts openly, it will be more difficult to make progress
• How to get started with client-centered therapy


  1. Client-centered therapy can be delivered individually or as part of group therapy in both outpatient and inpatient settings

  2. During the first session, the therapist will ask about the problems the client is facing and their reasons for seeking treatment, and may go over how the therapy process works and answer any questions

  3. Throughout treatment, the therapist will encourage the client to step into an equal role, reflecting back what the client says to ensure understanding, and allowing the client to explore the issues that are important to them
• Communication


  An essence of social behavior and man's living. It is a form of interaction in which behavior of one organism acts as a stimulus for the behavior of another
• Communication


  A two way process of exchanging information, ideas and transmitting message effectively
• When human beings compare themselves with other living creatures, language gives its upper mark of how unique human being is
• Humans transmit information through communication based on learned language. The physiological requirements for language learning includes the maturation of neural structures and motor mechanisms, as well as speech brain centers
• Albert Mehrabian's 7, 38 and 55% rule


  7% of communication is based on words, 38% is based on volume, pitch and tone of the voice and 55% is based on facial expressions and other non-verbal communication
• Effective communication


  The process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinion, knowledge must be clear, correct, complete, concise, and compassionate for the receiver to understood the clarity and purpose
• Effective communication


  • Helps us better understand a person or situation and enables us to resolve differences, builds trust and respect, and creates environments where creative ideas and problem solving can flourish
• Process of communication


  Requires encoding and decoding with symbols familiar to sender and receiver, tone of voice and choice of language influence through reaction, communication should be complete, transmit information clearly, both sender and receiver are at play, appropriate message should be used at the right place and time
• Forms of communication


  • Verbal, written, non-verbal (facial expression, body posture, eye contact)
• Barriers to communication


  • Stress and out of control emotion, lack of focus, inconsistent body language, negative body language
• Ways to increase listening abilities


  • Be present in the moment, be a sympathetic listener, pick up key points and let the speaker know, practice active listening, develop curiosity and desire for continuous growth